日本规制证券犯罪的刑法理论探析

由于刑法谦抑性原则的要求,刑事处罚乃是作为保护社会的最后手段,当民事赔偿与行政处罚等其他法律责任可以抑制扰乱证券市场秩序的行为时,则较为严厉的刑事制裁手段就无须动用。在证券市场交易中,维持市场交易秩序以及保护投资人权益都是证券交易发展上的重要工作。由于投资者属于不特定的多数人,因此日本在刑法上采用了危险犯的立法方式,提早保护投资人利益。     

从祝你平安考量和谐社会的犯罪防控

花开花谢,月圆月缺,祝你平安是人们须臾“在线”的“第一祝愿”。“祝你平安”,透出几分祥和、几分执著、几分苦涩。祝你平安,缘于当今还有一些地方、一些领域、一些人群的不平安,芸芸众生正在与烦恼,与贫困,与疾病,与灾害,与战争,与犯罪,作艰苦的、顽强的或许还是无望的抗争。     

职务犯罪的经济分析及其防范

职务犯罪行为人利用职权谋取私利具有经济学理性特征,因此,其行为必然遵从经济学的基本法则。用经济分析的方法研究其产生机理,探讨预防措施具有现实意义。基于犯罪经济成本收益理论,通过对职务犯罪的研究,得出如下结论：应增大犯罪成本,控制犯罪收益,从而最终预防和减少职务犯罪。     

未成年人犯罪社会矫正问题研究——基于多维视角展开的分析

我国社区矫正的试点工作尚处于起步阶段,与其相关的理论研究还不成熟,而其中有关未成年人犯罪的社区矫正,不论是实践经验还是理论探讨都有待于进一步丰富和深入。未成年人作为一个特殊的弱势群体,如何对其进行有效的保护、教育和指导,是我国法制建设的重要课题。与监禁矫正相比,对未成年人犯罪进行社区矫正,既符合我国刑事司法政策的要求,也符合保障未成年人权益的需要。相对于发达国家较为完善的未成年人犯罪社区矫正体系,我国的未成年人犯罪社区矫正试点工作却是步履蹒跚,最根本的原因还在于法律制度的欠缺。我国未成年人社区矫正制度需要在立法和司法的两个层面上予以相应的完善。     

The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention: a Short Presentation

The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brottsförebyggande rådet, BRÅ) is a centre for research and development work within the justice system and is to provide assistance to the agencies of the criminal justice system in improving their knowledge and developing their methods to combat and to prevent crime.

In this article a summary of the operations of the Council – with a focus on the year 2004 – is presented. It is shown that a great number of evaluation projects have been conducted (e.g. of electronic monitoring of offenders). Another way in which the Council can contribute is working to develop various instruments that can be used to measure the effects of different parts of the criminal justice system. As an example, a routine measure of repeat victimization at the regional and local level for different crime types, is being developed.

In order to maintain a national centre of expertise in the broad area of economic and organized crime, a special secretariat has been established. Its focus is directed at the area of prevention, ranging from strategies to methods. Finally, the Council has the responsibility to support local crime prevention work and mediation at the local level.

The article also points out some challenges for the future.     

经济犯罪的成本分析与预防

经济犯罪很大程度上是通过行为人预先的利弊权衡与理性计算后付诸实施的。超额利润的吸引力与刑法的威慑力相比,作为市场主体的经济人往往会选择前者,这是资本的逐利性使然。因此,用经济学的观点研究经济犯罪,通过提高经济犯罪的成本,降低犯罪收益,从而治理经济犯罪,具有理论和实践意义。     

Evaluating the Cost of Organised Crime from a Comparative Perspective

Whilst any estimation of crime costs is a challenge even at a national level and in respect to crimes not particularly problematic from the definitional viewpoint, like volume crimes, the task is much harder when one has to deal with the harm caused by organised crime, especially from a comparative perspective. First, notwithstanding many international acts and studies, the term ‘organised crime’ is still one of those most debated and blurred in criminology. To complicate matters further, any cross-country assessment encounters such a wide variety of national differences (cultural, in the definition of offences, and in crime data collection systems) that the results are hardly comparable. Though extremely difficult, discussing the topic makes a great deal of sense today, and especially within the European Union, because there is strong demand for sound knowledge on the most harmful activities perpetrated by organised criminal groups and where these are localised. Considering the increasing importance attached to the issue, this article critically discusses existing attempts to measure organised crime harm from a comparative perspective, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. It first reviews harm assessment models developed to date at the international level, and mainly consisting of surveys. It then presents a different approach to the subject, one more centered on official statistics and which has recently resulted in the development of a methodology in the context of a EU-funded study entitled IKOC (Improving Knowledge on Organised Crime to develop a common European approach).     

The Situational Prevention of Terrorism: An Evaluation of the Israeli West Bank Barrier

Objectives

Informed by situational crime prevention (SCP) this study evaluates the effectiveness of the “West Bank Barrier” that the Israeli government began to construct in 2002 in order to prevent suicide bombing attacks.

Methods

Drawing on crime wave models of past SCP research, the study uses a time series of terrorist attacks and fatalities and their location in respect to the Barrier, which was constructed in different sections over different periods of time, between 1999 and 2011.

Results

The Barrier together with associated security activities was effective in preventing suicide bombings and other attacks and fatalities with little if any apparent displacement. Changes in terrorist behavior likely resulted from the construction of the Barrier, not from other external factors or events.

Conclusions

In some locations, terrorists adapted to changed circumstances by committing more opportunistic attacks that require less planning. Fatalities and attacks were also reduced on the Palestinian side of the Barrier, producing an expected “diffusion of benefits” though the amount of reduction was considerably more than in past SCP studies. The defensive roles of the Barrier and offensive opportunities it presents, are identified as possible explanations. The study highlights the importance of SCP in crime and counter-terrorism policy.

     

企业社会责任的宪法精神解读

宪法总纲确立了国家经济的基本制度,并同时规定,国家加强经济立法,完善宏观控制,依法禁止任何组织或者个人扰乱社会经济秩序。企业作为法律的承担者,必须在法律层面上把法律意识与社会责任意识进行有机结合。弘扬宪法精神的“以德治企”,根本目的是形成“以德治人心,以德治产品,以德治市场,以德治利益”的企业治理机制。弘扬宪法精神,构建和谐社会,企业是关键。企业追求自身利益与履行社会责任的统一,是社会发展对企业的基本要求,也是“以人为本”的宪法精神在市场经济下的最新体现。     

Crime and Justice in Japan: Implications for the United States

Examining official statistics from the United States since the mid-1960's, we see rapidly increasing rates of crime. Japan, on the other hand, has experienced rates that have dramatically declined during this same period. In fact, Japan is the only industrialized non-communist nation where crime has been decreasing. This paper summarizes the structural/cultural and justice related reasons for this phenomenon. Implications for the United States are specified.     

Modeling Determinants of Individual Punitiveness in a Late Modern Perspective: Data from Japan

Asian Journal of Criminology - There is a growing trend to both theoretically and empirically explain public punitiveness from a general social theory of late modernity. Yet, research which has...     

再犯预防视角下的减刑假释改进问题研究

我国减刑假释发挥着较好的预防再犯效能,尤其减刑作用更大.我国刑事立法和司法新规均从严控制了减刑假释范围及操作程序;当前我国监禁人口持续增多、重刑适用率依然较高、罪犯监禁压力依旧很大.如是,立即废除减刑而代之以假释的做法并不符合司法及行刑实践,改进减刑假释措施使其更能发挥预防再犯作用方为理性选择.可尝试调整减刑频次和幅度、增加其预防再犯效能的内容、扩大假释适用范围等措施.     

环境犯罪立法完善研究——以截短的犯罪构成为视角

为了应对环境犯罪的新挑战,充分发挥刑法防范风险的机能,刑法的介入时间必须提前,介入范围必须扩大。以截短的犯罪构成理论为视角,分析我国环境犯罪的立法现状,提出了转变立法理念、改进罪刑体系与犯罪构成要件,以及完善污染环境罪、破坏植物资源犯罪、与环境相关联的走私犯罪、渎职犯罪等个罪的建议。     

The Structure of Citizen Perceptions of Crime and Disorder: New Insights from a Caribbean Community

Objectives

This study builds on existing research from US cities on the construct and discriminant validity of perceptual measures of crime and disorder. It seeks to determine whether citizens distinguish between crime and disorder.

Methods

This study draws on quantitative and qualitative data from a high-crime community in Trinidad and Tobago, a small-island developing nation in the eastern Caribbean. Analysis of the quantitative data relies on exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods designed for use with categorical observed variables and continuous latent variables.

Results

In contrast to previous research, we find that citizens do distinguish between physical disorder and general crime, but there is a perceptual overlap for some drug-related offenses and types of social disorder.

Conclusions

This study raises questions about the external validity of research on the relationship between perceptions of crime and disorder conducted in the US, and contributes to ongoing discussions and debates about the meaning of disorder. The findings suggest the need for theory and research to explain how context shapes not only the magnitudes of these perceptions, but also their structures. The results also demonstrate the benefits of mixed-methods research approaches in this area of study.