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1.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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2.
University spin-offs are defined as firms founded by university employees. Using a large database on venture-backed start-up
companies, I describe the characteristics of university spin-offs and investigate whether they perform differently than other
firms. I find that venture-backed university spin-offs are concentrated in the biotechnology and information technology industries.
Moreover, a spin-off tends to stay close to the university, suggesting that technology transfer through spin-offs is largely
a local phenomenon. Multivariate regression analyses show that university spin-offs have a higher survival rate but are not
significantly different from other start-ups in terms of the amount of venture capital raised, the probability of completing
an initial public offering (IPO), the probability of making a profit, or the size of employment.
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3.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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4.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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5.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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6.
With the economics of racism of the 1930s and 1950s American South in mind, our essay explores the relationship between the
act of writing and institutional penology. Taking an obscure, but visceral autobiographical account by Paterson and Conrad
( Scottsboro Boy, Garden City Doubleday, 1950), we examine how discipline, punishment, and institutional identity emerge out of publishing, or, as Foucault put it, “the
power of writing.” Narratives of delinquency born out of a racialized penal economy tend to resist attempts to tame the criminal,
making institutional survival a productive discourse, and its articulation, a unique revolutionary act.
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7.
This essay is a study of three texts written by the psychoanalyst Wulf Sachs. These texts hold an important lesson about the
psychoanalytic turn in jurisprudence. Their attempt to extend psychoanalysis’s frontiers to fight the legalization of racism
in pre-apartheid South Africa recoils upon itself, stripping self-evidence from the singular constellation of law, life, language,
and sovereignty psychoanalysis derives from ancient and modern tragedy and formalizes into a discipline. Even as Sachs’s trilogy
turns to psychoanalysis to critique the legalization of racism, it also points to the limits of psychoanalysis itself as a
paradigm for the study of law.
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8.
This paper analyses the spatial mobility of knowledge and technology transfer and measures the economic impact on the geo-economic
space. The data of laboratories operating in different research and technological fields are used. The results show that,
when the distance from the source of knowledge (research institute) to users increases, the impact of knowledge and technology
transfer decreases with damped pulsations. The magnitude of knowledge and technology transfer shows a high intensity within
the industrial district because small businesses are able to acquire externally scientific knowledge, without conducting in-house
research, but by interactions with public scientific bodies and adopting both collective rules that act as collective knowledge
devices, making collective learning possible, and skilled labor.
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9.
Nanotechnology has attracted significant research, funding, and policy activity in recent years in the US and many other countries.
Of particular interest are the locational characteristics of this emerging technology. This study examines the emergence of
nanotechnology in the US South to explore questions of regional standing and spatial trajectory, using an exploratory multi-indicator
approach. Our research employs an array of 10 indicators of knowledge generation, human capital, R&D funding, and patenting,
to uncover developments, clusters, and linkages in nanotechnology emergence. Results indicate that although there is nanotechnology
activity in every state in the US South, this activity agglomerates in a few locations. One emerging nanodistrict (North Carolina’s
Research Triangle) has prior strengths in high technology research and commercialization, especially based on biotechnology;
but other districts (e.g., Oak Ridge Tennessee and Atlanta, Georgia) that have strengths in certain aspects of the nanotechnology
research ecosystem have weaknesses in commercialization. The study illustrates how multi-indicator approaches can be developed
from existing databases, using customized search techniques, and how the insights from multi-indicator measurement can be
used to provide insights for research and innovation policy.
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10.
This paper presents the theoretical framework and empirical analysis of the effect of stronger Intellectual Property Rights
(IPRs) on technology transfer from parent firm to its subsidiaries in foreign countries. The results of empirical testing,
based on the firm-level panel data of Japanese MNCs’ foreign subsidiaries, show that the stronger protection of IPRs has a
positive effect on the promotion of intra-firm technology transfer after controlling for market specific factors in the host
countries as well as parent-subsidiary firm specific factors. They are consistent with our theoretical prediction and the
results of the previous studies based on US firm-level data.
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11.
Following the economic liberalization of 1991, the government of India established the software technology parks of India
(STPI) scheme and opened numerous software parks around the country. These parks have played a critical role in the growth
of India’s software sector. In recent years, private software parks have also been established in different parts of India.
The government of India is now promoting biotechnology (biotech) parks to encourage growth of this emerging sector. The biotech
parks are still in their infancy with a few operating parks. There are several upcoming biotech parks in different Indian
states with support from the respective state governments. The government of India continues to play an important role in
establishing technology parks. Biotech-Information Technology (Bio-IT) park is the next type of park that the government is
planning to promote. This article discusses the institutional history of these technology parks in India.
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12.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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13.
Southern Africa is at a pivotal point in time for transboundary water cooperation. The number and extent of coverage of existing
international water agreements and joint management institutions merits cautious optimism about future water management in
the region. Yet, taken alone, a numerical account of water treaties reveals little about the context in which the agreements
were negotiated, the nature of the rules and regulations adopted, or the influence of the agreements in addressing problems
or enhancing joint governance. Drawing on a database containing all the international freshwater agreements entered into between
South Africa and its neighbours since 1910, this article examines trends in the articulation of these treaties and discusses
the implications of the rules and regulations they embody. Specific consideration is given to issues of information sharing,
water allocation and organizations. This analysis is a first step towards understanding the impact of existing agreements,
identifying opportunities for the negotiation of new treaties and enhancing existing systems.
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14.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
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15.
Violence against women has been recognized as an important social and human rights issue that affects all cultures and societies.
Although this issue has been more frequently studied in high-income countries, such as the United States, the scholarly research
of violence against women in Africa, especially West Africa, has been scarce. Using a representative sample, this study examined
violence against women in Togo, particularly the types of violence that Togolese women endure, and factors that affect a Togolese
woman’s chance of being victimized by her intimate partner. The findings indicated that Togolese women experienced different
forms of violence. Also, some covariates at the individual level significantly affected a woman’s risk of experiencing intimate
partner violence. Several policy recommendations have been made.
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16.
This paper describes some of the issues around which cooperation among police agencies in the South African region have been
coalescing. Cooperative engagements have resulted in a degree of harmonisation of policy and standardisation of police training.
Within the region too a rhetorical commitment to common values and standards associated with democratic policing is forthcoming.
Overall the processes underway are shaped by regional dynamics of a broader socio-political and specific police organisational
nature. Structural underdevelopment, the weakness of institutions such as the police and contrarian politics more widely provide
the context within which cooperation has evolved. By drawing on documentary analysis and interviews with practitioners in
the field, the substantive areas around which cooperation is taking place are outlined. In this account particular reference
is made to the role of a regional structure (the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Coordination Committee) and the national
police agency (the South African Police Service) of South Africa, in the evolving business of cooperation in the Southern
African region.
Research for this paper was made possible through funding received from the Open Society Foundation (SA).
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18.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
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19.
The problem of corporate crime rates has been the subject of debate, speculation and operationalization for decades, largely
stemming from the complexity of measuring this type of crime. Examining corporate environmental crime poses challenges and creates opportunities for advancing the discussion of corporate crime rates, but criminologists
are less familiar with environmental data. In the current paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmental
data that can be used to construct the components of an environmental crime rate. We also present a corporate environmental
crime rate derived from data on violations of the Clean Water Act and describe problems with using it in real world data.
Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
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20.
Transfer restrictions have a long tradition in professional sports but came under heavy attack in recent years (e.g. Bosman
ruling, Monti system). Based on a bargaining model with stochastic player productivity, we show that less restrictive transfer
rules reallocate ex post bargaining power from players to clubs. This reallocation is efficient and in the ex ante self-interest
of players. The right to charge transfer fees enables clubs to insure their players. The players, in turn, benefit by converting
risky future income into riskless current income. Overall, player utility is higher under more than under less restrictive
transfer rules.
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