企业合资行为的反垄断法考察

不当的合资行为因其与垄断的密切联系,可能造成对现有竞争秩序的破坏,对市场经济带来危害。因此,规范企业合资行为,有效防止企业利用合资的合理、合法外衣,从事限制竞争行为,降低企业间串谋的可能性,成了反垄断法研究领域的新课题。试从合资行为的概念、合资行为限制竞争的种种表现分析着手,对反垄断法规制合资行为的实体规则、程序规则和执行机构进行设想和探讨。     

The joint venture alternative to mergers

However, while a joint venture may be "safe" from antitrust challenge, it is not without some practical difficulties, especially with respect to consolidating services at one location or jointly offering services provided at multiple facilities. These practical concerns include: 1. Who will exercise operational management of the joint venture? 2. How will the joint venture deal with different pricing for services that will be provided at multiple locations? 3. What criteria will be used to decide the location at which consolidated tertiary services will be offered? 4. In what circumstances can the joint venture be unwound, either in its entirety or as to discrete functions? When clinical services have been consolidated at one location, there is an appropriate concern by the other hospital that it will be unable to provide or re-enter the market for those services if the joint venture dissolves. These operational concerns, of course, are not addressed in the Consent Decree. Thus, even if a joint venture relationship survives antitrust scrutiny, the parties must still negotiate and resolve these operational issues in order for the joint venture to be viable.     

对合资经营相关法律问题的几点思考

对于“JOINTVENTURE”,应突破仅从企业形态对其认识的藩篱,其实质上是一种直接投资方式,译为合资经营,指两个或更多主体共同致力于一项特定商业事业的结合。国家投资政策与投资法律的要求、外国投资者的天然劣势、分散风险与争取待遇上的优惠等诸多因素促使了合资经营的产生与发展。但我国在利用合资经营这种投资方式时视野较狭窄、立法欠缺统一性且诸多规定与实际不符。建议取消以三资企业法为主体的外资法群,将合资经营直接规定于统一的外资法典的投资形式一章,而合资经营的具体法律形式,则交由相应的国内部门法调整。     

从中外合营企业到中外合资公司: 内部组织机构体制的多样化

现行中外合营企业组织机构体制有其利弊。涉及中外合资公司组织机构体制有两种立法取向：保证公司决策的效率、质量及公正性;或强化股东“共同经营”,从而达到合资各方“优势互补”的目的。在这两种立法政策的主导下,中外合资公司应采取多样化的组织机构模式,以使中外投资者拥有选择各种公司组织机构形式的自主权。     

The Welfare Effects of Research and Production Joint Ventures

This paper develops a model to analyze behavior and welfare effects of a research and production joint venture (JV). In the model, a research dollar is more productive if spent in the joint venture because it increases the achievable probability of new product introduction. This efficiency of research and production joint ventures offsets, to some degree, the loss due to higher consumer prices. For some parameter configurations and joint venture membership rules, research and production joint ventures yield higher social welfare than research-only joint ventures (RJVs). This contrasts with some of the industrial organization literature on research collaboration and with traditional antitrust views.     

论中外合作经营企业的法律性质及法律特征

国际投资企业形式包括股权式合营企业和契约式合营企业两种。从中外合作经营企业产生的背景分析，它是在中国具体国情中独创出来的一种企业形式，其法律性质在于它是对中外合资经营企业法的灵活变通，这种变通表现在其法律特征之中。中外合作经营企业各方权利义务虽不尽相同，但仍符合平等互利的法律原则和国际惯例。     

论我国外商投资企业合同审批制度的不合理性--兼论合同审批制度与合同自由原则的冲突

我国外商投资企业法规定,申请设立中外合资经营企业或中外合作经营企业必须提交中外合资 经营企业合同或中外合作经营企业合同,由审批机关进行审批。从实证的角度出发,分别从该制 度的成因及其实施二十余年的绩效以及对其他国家的相关制度的考察等角度分析论证我们现行 外商投资企业合同审批制度的不合理性,并根据合同自由原则的基本原理,提出尽快修改该制度 的立法建议。     

Dagher redux: searching for the missing pieces

The most relevant question for any joint venture is, when does the relationship become a jointventure and not simply a price-fixing cartel? With respect to this question, this Article juxtaposes Texaco, Inc. v. Dagher, 126 S. Ct. 1276 (2006), against years of contrary precedent. In Dagher, the Court altered the seemingly settled foundation of antitrust law by changing its view on past holdings and abandoning the ancillary effects doctrine. The Article provides an outline of key holdings prior to Dagher, as well as a discussion of the issues that can arise as joint ventures are formed. Additionally, the authors examine how the decision altered the foundation of joint venture law in the United States. In particular, the Article exposes several important antitrust concerns relating to joint ventures that the Supreme Court did not address in Dagher. Perhaps the most perplexing issue of Dagher is whether the venture at issue would have survived analysis under the Federal Trade Commission's "continuum" approach.     

Intellectual property issues in joint ventures and collaborations

Legal context: The IP issues involved in forming, operating, and (inevitably)terminating a joint venture or collaboration are much more numerousthan would typically apply to a straightforward investment inan organic growth, or on a merger or acquisition. The pitfallsare also more insidious. Key points: The author approaches the topic within the commercial context,discussing the commercial rationale behind joint ventures andcollaborations and the life cycle of a joint venture or collaboration. The article explores the four key stages of a joint ventureor collaboration: (1) pre-contract stage: confidentiality andtrade secrets; due diligence; structural considerations; (2)formation stage: assignment and licensing of existing rights;the terms of transfer; valuation of IP contributions; (3) durationstage: future contribution of existing and future backgroundrights; ownership and exploitation of foreground rights; maintenanceand protection of rights; and (4) termination stage: providingfor both unexpected and expected events. The article also provides advice as to avoiding the pitfallsof joint ownership: understanding the differences between jurisdictions;potential problems; and avoiding the banana skins. Practical significance: Joint ventures and collaborations are widely used across a rangeof industry sectors, but particularly high-tech sectors, suchas pharma/bio, information technology, and communications, inwhich IP rights are particularly important. Parties consistently cite the loss of background IP rights asa major risk in joint venture collaborations, and dealing withIP that is generated in the course of a joint venture or collaborationcan also present particular problems, particularly if it isto be used or owned jointly by more than one party.     

中国律师办理跨国商事纠纷札记——从“达娃之争”看中外合资问题

1996年，娃哈哈与法国达能公司、香港百富勤公司共同组建联合公司，共同生产以“娃哈哈”为商标的包括纯净水、八宝粥等在内的产品。娃哈哈占49％的股份，达能与百富勤佔51％的股份。2007年4月3日一篇《宗庆後後悔了》的报道，使达能欲以低价并购娃哈哈39家非合资公司51％股权的事件曝光，并由此开始了达娃之争。     

Health care joint ventures between tax-exempt organizations and for-profit entities

Health care exempt organizations have many options regarding their structure and affiliations with for-profit entities. As long as any joint ventures are carefully structured and the nonprofit retains control over the exempt health care activities, the Internal Revenue Service should not question the structure. However, as outlined above, if the for-profit entity effectively gains control over the activities of the venture, the structure is not likely to be upheld by the IRS or the courts, and either the exempt status of the nonprofit will be denied or revoked, or health care income will be subject to the unrelated business income tax. In summary, the health care industry has been severely impacted by many economic forces, including uncertainty in the area of joint ventures between nonprofits and for-profit health care systems. The uncertainty as to whether the joint venture would negatively impact the nonprofit's tax-exempt status undoubtedly caused many nonprofits to form for-profit subsidiaries and otherwise expanded operations in a for-profit marketplace. Fortunately, with the guidance that is currently available in the form of Revenue Ruling 98-15, Redlands, St. David's, and now Revenue Ruling 2004-51, health care institutions can move forward with properly structured joint ventures with greater confidence that the joint venture will not endanger the tax-exempt status of the nonprofit.     

The Formation of High-Tech University Spinouts: The Role of Joint Ventures and Venture Capital Investors

We explore the joint venture route to commercializing university owned intellectual property. We present comparisons between two spinouts formed as joint ventures between universities and industrial partners and two spinouts where this was not the case. The research employs a resource-based framework, with new high tech spinout firms (or firms in gestation) facing severe resource and capability constraints. We show that spinouts typically lack the financial means and managerial expertise to acquire the resources and develop the capabilities they need in order to fully exploit the commercial potential of their technologies. We argue that creating a spinout company as a joint venture with an industrial partner, may be a means of overcoming some of the potential problems associated with managing resource weaknesses and inadequate capabilities that may be difficult to achieve as a free-standing spin-out company with or without venture capital backing.     

Learning-from-parents: exploitative knowledge acquisition and the innovation performance of joint venture

The Journal of Technology Transfer - This article examines the effects of joint venture’s exploitative knowledge acquisition on its innovation performance under the contexts of joint...     

我国企业利用外国直接投资风险研究——以西北轴承厂引资教训为例

利用外资(FDI)并不总能实现理想化的互利共赢局面,这一点在学界研究中国利用外资三十多年的具体实践中已经得到印证。利用外国直接投资设立合资企业的风险表现为合资企业运营过程中特别是合资企业转变为独资企业时对中方投资主体的权益可能造成的影响。在国家进一步优化外商投资环境,吸引外资的背景下,如何维护中方投资主体在合资企业中的合法权益,是值得深入研究的问题。     

Strategy first in international joint ventures

International technology- based joint ventures are proliferating despite their inherent complexity and high risk of failure. US firms continue to employ international joint ventures as a vehicle for collaborative research and development (R & D); foreign investors prefer the joint venture for investing in the emerging market economies of Eastern Europe. Tipping the balance in favor of successful joint ventures requires a strategic approach from the very advent of entering into an international R&D arrangement: an approach in which clear objectives are set and alternative ways to reach these objectives are systematically evaluated. Several frameworks are presented that clarify and facilitate the decisionmaking process during the initial phases of considering a joint venture in which project objectives are developed, alternative R&D arrangements are evaluated, and potential partners are identified and eventually selected.     

Cohabitation,female sacrifice,and judge-made law

This paper shares results of a study of judgments applying the common law as adapted to the cohabitation context. Specifically, the Supreme Court of Canada has held that couples who formed a ‘joint family venture’ may need to share the wealth gained during cohabitation. The study compares the couples leading to positive and negative findings of a joint family venture. Positive findings correlate with traditional markers of family and economic integration, such as joint bank accounts and the presence of children. Despite the discourse of family diversity, gendered patterns run across all the couples, with women assuming primary care of children, shouldering domestic labour, and making career sacrifices for the family. In a sign of the limits of judge-made reforms, the doctrine may be harder for some claimants to access than for others, in ways not necessarily tracking commitment and economic integration.     

Market Structure and R∧D Joint Ventures: The Case of Product Innovations

Departing from the received fact that research joint venture agreements are allowed on the grounds of a permissive ruling, we study what conditions are necessary for venture partners to carry on RD cooperation to the marketing stage. We treat the case of product innovations exploitable with different usages in unconnected markets. Two main results appear: firms always have incentives for a distribution of varieties, but not always agree on the distribution of products. The condition for the last result to happen gives a useful rule for antitrust authorities relating the degree of sustitutability across varieties and the relative profitability of the markets.     

中国创业风险资本来源法律问题探析

资本运作已成为全球经济发展与科技成果转化的重要原动力,而创业风险投资更是国际资本运作中极为重要的一环。中国面临着如何建立适合国情的创业风险投资法律环境架构,通过调整风险资本来源加速中国创投产业发展的问题。文章从分析风险资本的来源出发,指出中国及美国创业风险资本来源及结构的差异,探讨了中国现有的法律法规导致社会资金进入创业风险投资产业的困难,从而造成资本来源受限并在结构上形成以政府或外资为主导的状况。因此,适度修改相关法律法规以调整中国现有风险资本来源与结构问题,就成为加速完善中国创业风险投资产业发展的重要课题。     

中外合资经营企业土地使用制度若干法律问题研究

通过分析我国中外合资经营企业土地使用制度中存在的问题 ,认为 :《中外合资经营企业法》及其实施条例中所使用的“场地使用权”概念与 1988年《土地管理法》修改后形成的具有物权性质的“土地使用权”概念不同 ,场地使用权不宜作为出资物 ;农村集体土地使用权由于其不能自由流通和转让 ,亦不宜用作注册资本 ;根据房屋所有权与土地使用权一致的原则 ,一旦中方出资者以房屋所有权出资 ,它便有义务向合资企业转让土地使用权。     

涉地沟油犯罪的规定解读及相关问题研究——以“两高一部”《关于依法严惩“地沟油”犯罪活动的通知》为视角

2012年针对地沟油加工、销售愈演愈烈的形势,最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部出台了《关于依法严惩"地沟油"犯罪活动的通知》。但该《通知》的规定只作为一种参考提供给公检法部门,它本身不具备刑法的强制力。因此,有必要在立法上对涉地沟油犯罪作出系统的规定,给今后办理地沟油类犯罪案件提供明确的指引。