The history of forensic medicine in Hungary

The XIIIth Congress of the International Academy of Forensic and Social Medicine will be held in September 1985, in Budapest, and for this occasion we gave a brief account of the past and present state of forensic medicine in Hungary.     

Forensic medicine in the Indo-Pacific region: history and current practice of forensic medicine

A brief history of forensic medicine in the Indo-Pacific region followed by the extent of medical education imparted to undergraduates and current practice in various countries of the region are examined.     

The history of the forensic applications in radiology

The history of progress in any field of science is related directly to technical advances which have occurred during that period. The microscope contributed immensely to the advancement of forensic investigations in the late 19th century, with its use to study trace evidence including blood, semen, soil, paint, and biological material. The application of the discovery of x-radiation by Dr. R?entgen of Würzburg, Germany, in 1895 provided an important new tool for medical practitioners throughout the world. Its application was also realized as a potential weapon by medicolegal investigators. Discovery of the location of foreign objects, including bullets, thus became a clinical as well as a forensic technique in support of the investigation of living and deceased persons. The early application of x-ray methodology in England in 1896 by Prof. Arthur Schuster of Owens College, Manchester, in a case of a gunshot wound of a woman, is described as well as some aspects of the primitive technique which were used.     

Geographic forensic medicine and forensic sciences

The necessity of learning more about the criminality and the culture of persons from overseas is upon us. As forensic scientists, we have to take a lead in presenting information to our colleagues that would facilitate their investigations. In this paper, we look at many of the different cultures that have been presented to American authorities, and the activities of the Milton Helpern International Center for the Forensic Sciences are discussed.     

环状RNA在法医学中的应用

随着分子生物学性质和功能的日渐深入,RNA在法医学的体液鉴别,血迹形成时间、损伤时间及死亡时间的推断,死亡原因分析等方面的作用受到了广大法医学者的重视,逐渐成为目前法医学应用研究的热点之一。近年来,环状RNA在法医学中表现出广泛的应用前景。本文对环状RNA在法医学中可应用的范围进行综述,并对其未来的前景进行了展望。     

孢粉学在法医学中的应用

孢粉学是研究植物孢子和花粉(简称孢粉)的科学,是一门新兴的边缘学科。由于孢粉具有个体小、质量轻、数量多,不容易被发现等特征,给法医工作者留下证据,为破案提供有利线索,因此孢粉学在法医学实践应用中具有良好的应用前景。此文通过阐述孢粉学的概况、分类、形态特征及传播的规律,分析孢粉学在法医学上应用的优点和局限性,旨在为进一步完善孢粉学在法医学中的应用提供参考。     

The use of scanners in forensic medicine

The paper describes usage of scanners with computer image processing for illustrations and as an independent method of clues examination in forensic medical practice.     

法医骨组织学研究

在实际检案中 ,当现场发现的骨骼残片体积较小时 ,用解剖学观察无法进行骨骼残片的法医鉴定 ,需使用骨组织学的方法进行骨骼残片的个体识别。目前 ,这是法医人类学中一门较活跃的领域 ,即法医骨组织学。法医骨组织学的内容主要包括两个方面 :(1)骨骼残片是否属于人类骨骼 ,或属于何种动物骨骼。这方面的研究包括人类骨骼的组织学特征研究及不同动物的组织学特征研究。 (2 )人类骨骼个体识别的组织学研究。这方面的研究主要包括 ,人类骨骼的组织学特征的年龄判断 ,例如股骨、胫骨、肱骨、锁骨等 ,以及使用骨组织学方法 ,进行人类骨骼的年龄评价的准确性研究。本文对上述内容进行了综述。     

类胰蛋白酶及其法医学应用

类胰蛋白酶由肥大细胞表达,以活性形式储存在肥大细胞的脱颗粒中。作为肥大细胞及其脱颗粒的标志,类胰蛋白酶具有多种生物活性,可以促进气道的恢复,调节气道平滑肌细胞的张力和反应性,提高毛细血管的通透性,刺激新生血管的生成,进而启动和加速多种疾病的进程,并与过敏反应、羊水拴塞、注射海洛因过量、外伤致死及SIDS等有关,因而在法医学中有重要的意义。     

MVR-PCR及其法医学的应用

小卫星可变重复单位作图(MinisatelliteVariantRepeatmapping,MVRmapping)是近十年发展起来的一项DNA分析技术。本综述对该技术的分子学基础、发展过程及其在法医学的应用作了系统的阐述。认为该技术在个人识别与亲子鉴定方面发挥着为其它DNA分析技术所不可替代的作用,正在成为法医学生物检材检验的重要手段之一。     

人类指甲在法医学中的应用

人类指甲是法医学中一类非常重要的生物检材。本文结合文献,介绍了指甲的DNA检验;指甲内异体组织的检验。同时介绍了指甲在法医学性别判定,年龄判断,个人识别以及药物、毒品分析中的一些新的应用。     

影像医学在法医学中的应用

个体识别在法庭科学调查中一直是重要的工作,它包括:性别、身高、年龄的推断等。在法庭科学领域中利用影像医学技术进行个体识别,在准确性、实用性方面有特别的意义。本文目的旨在通过广泛系统地回顾国内外法庭科学中的影像学应用,了解现有医学影像技术在法庭科学应用中的优点和不足之处,为进一步完善医学影像学在法庭科学中的应用提供参考。     

Tasks of research in forensic medicine - different study types in clinical research and forensic medicine

In the last years the research output of forensic medicine has sometimes been regarded as insufficient and as of poor quality, especially when parameters as impact factors and external funding were taken into account. However, forensic medicine has different tasks compared to clinical medicine. The main difference between basic subjects, clinical and forensic medicine is not a lack of scientific efficiency in forensic medicine but is a result of the questions asked, the available methods and specific aims. In contrast to natural-scientific research, forensic science has furthermore important intersections with arts and socio-scientific disciplines. Etiologic and pathogenetic research is of only limited relevance in forensic medicine. Thus, forensic medicine is excluded from these research fields, which are mainly supported by external funding. In forensic medicine research mainly means applied research regarding findings, the probative value and reconstruction as well as examination at different points of intersection between medicine and law. Clinical types of research such as controlled randomised, prospective cross-sectional, cohort or case-control studies can only rarely be applied in forensic medicine due to the area specific research fields (e.g. thantatology, violent death, vitality, traffic medicine, analytical toxicology, hemogenetics and stain analysis). The types of studies which are successfully established in forensic medicine are comparison of methods, sensitivity studies, validation of methods, kinetic examinations etc. Tasks of research in forensic medicine and study types, which may be applied will be addressed.     

The approach of the New Zealand forensic scientist

Laboratory findings can be used by the police to guide their investigations, to clear the innocent or to indicate guilt in court proceedings. Although called by the prosecution the forensic scientist is in court to tell the whole truth and present impartial evidence to assist the court. His evidence should be clear to lay persons. The challenge of problems arising from daily work can extend the best scientists.