The private sector,the public sector and the laws of nature

Abstract: The author analyses differences between the private and public sectors by assessing their compliance with several laws and principles considered to govern organisms and organizations in nature. Those laws and principles involve: niche overlap; types of competition; natural selection and survival of the fittest; symbiotic relationships; and maturation of ecosystems. Each biological principle is first described in layman's terms. Subsequently the ways in which the public and private sectors relate to and comply with the principles are compared and discussed. Although both sectors are found to contravene nature's laws, the public sector is found to be a frequent violator. The implications of this lack of compliance to individuals in the fields of public administration and management science are discussed. The author suggests that an understanding of biological laws is of considerable value to those attempting to explain differences between the private and public sectors as well as to public administrators in general. Sommaire: L'auteur analyse les différences entre les secteurs privé et public en évaluant la façon dont ils respectent plusieurs lois et principes qui régissent le comportement des organismes et organisations au sein de la nature: 1. chevauchement des créneaux; 2. types de concurrence; 3. sélection naturelle et survie du plus fort; 4. rapports de symbiose; 5. maturation des systèmes écologiques. Chaque principe biologique est d'abord dérit en termes vernaculaires, puis l'étude compare et discute les attitudes des secteurs public et privé face aux principes de référence. Bien que les deux secteurs enfreignent les lois de la nature, le secteur public semble le faire fréquem-ment. On évoque ensuite les répercussions de cette dérogation pour les personnes exerçant dans les domaines de l'administration publique et des sciences de gestion. L'auteur souligne que la compréhension des lois biologiques est extrêmement utile à quiconque veut expliquer la différence entre les secteurs privé et public, ainsi qu'aux administrateurs du secteur public en général.     

Accountability,responsiveness and public sector productivity

Abstract. At present, the federal government is actively urging its public service managers to do four things: 1/ take firm control of public service activities in seeking ‘value for money’ productivity; 2/ accept responsibility for the timeliness and quality of the services they provide to their special publics; 3/ take positive steps toward upgrading their competence as managers and, within these steps, to develop and display a professional integrity and commitment to managing; and 4/ support moves toward a system of accountable management, built around the concept of up-the-line responsibility. Developing his position from the Friedrich-Finer debate of the early 1940s, the author states there are strong tensions inherent in such a mix of expectations. He further states that the initiatives giving rise to the expectations are confronting a public service inadequately prepared to respond, with the possible consequences of a most adverse effect on public service morale. The paper seeks to help managers cope with the new challenges through clarifying the nature of the initiatives and presenting an approach designed to bring accountability and responsiveness into manageable harmony. Sommaire. En ce moment, le gouvernement fédéral encourage les gestionnaires à faire quatre choses: 1/ exercer un contrôle ferme des activités de la fonction publique afin de stimuler la productivité 2/ accepter la responsabilité de ?à-propos et de la qualité des services offerts à leur clientèle; 3/ prendre les mesures appropriées afin ?améliorer leur compétence comme gestionnaires et, par ces démarches, développer leur intégrité professionnelle et leur engagement comme administrateur; et 4/ appuyer leurs démarches en vue ?un système responsable de gestion, basé sur le concept de la responsabilité. En développant sa façon de voir à partir de débats Friedrich-Finer depuis le début des années 40, ?auteur constate qu'il y a de fortes tensions inhérentes a un tel mélange ?attentes. II constate, de plus, que la fonction publique n'est pas préparée adéquatement à répondre à ces initiatives, une telle situation pouvant susciter des effets néfastes sur le moral de la fonction publique. ?article se propose ?aider les gestionnaires à faire face à ces nouveaux défis en clarifiant la nature des initiatives suggéiées. ?article suggère une approche pouvant faciliter ?harmonie entre responsabilité et flexibilité.     

公共部门人力资源战略环境变迁及其对策

公共部门人力资源的战略环境面临着急剧的变革。来自知识经济的挑战,要求公共部门人力资源管理战略从物本战略向人本距略转变,从传统型组织战略向学习型组织战略转变;来自市场化的冲击要求公共部门人力资源管理战略从保障就业结果平等战略向体障就业机会均等战略转变,从行政性统配战略向市场一体化配置战略转变,从固定用工战略向契约化管理战略转变,从单位保障战略向社会保障战略转变;来自政府再造的推动,要求公共部门人力资源战略从“划桨”转变为“掌舵”,坚持市场化,民营化、竞争性和弹性化取向。     

The state of talent management in Canada's public sector

For more than a decade, senior officials from across Canada's public sector have identified the capacity to “recruit and retain highly‐trained, qualified staff” as central to public service renewal and success in the 21^st century. And yet, despite the consensus behind this priority, students of Canadian public administration know little about the strategies and programs that are in place to attract, recruit, retain and transition key public servants in this country. This article tries to address this gap by describing talent management, one approach to getting “the right people in the right place at the right time” currently in use in British Columbia, Canada, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Saskatchewan. The article concludes with some observations about the present and future of talent management in Canada's public sector.     

Toward a definition and taxonomy of public sector ombudsmen

The world‐wide diffusion of the ombudsman concept and the accompanying academic literature have failed to produce a universal definition of “ombudsman.” As a result, liberal interpretations of the concept have flourished, and the invention of technical terms has gone unchecked. This article examines the two most commonly cited definitions of an ombudsman and the wealth of technical terms for their conformity to the original concept. A definition for public sector ombudsmen congruent with primordial functions and recent conceptual extensions is proposed. The article concludes with a taxonomy of the different kinds of ombudsmen in place today.     

Canadian public service employee satisfaction and its main drivers

Using the results of the 2005 Public Service Employee Survey (PSES), this paper identifies which factors have the greatest effect on employee satisfaction in the Canadian public service. Several hypotheses are tested against the backdrop of existing literature. In general, public servant satisfaction is affected by belief in opportunities for promotion, fair classification, adherence to client service standards, life balance, recognition by immediate supervisors, team relationships with colleagues, how well information is shared and, finally, belief in the abilities of senior management. Some interesting elaborations of these basic findings emerge when other variables are controlled. The discussion considers how the public service can be seen as a more desirable career choice.     

Before the father even acknowledges the child: public sector collective bargaining

Labour Relations in the Public Sector . By Richard C. Kearney . Collective Bargaining in the Public Service: The Federal Experience in Canada . By Jacob Finkelman and Shirley B. Goldenberg .     

Government aid to industry: a public sector perspective

Abstract: This paper, prepared for the 1982 annual conference of ipac, critically reviews the rationale for government aid to industry. the choice of policy instruments and the creation of the proposed new Department of Regional Industrial Expansion. The paper focuses upon the direct subsidization of specific industrial activities, most visibly through direct conditional grants, but also including tariff protection, loans or guarantees of loans at preferred rates. and direct ownership through crown corporations. Drawing upon the theoretical framework presented by Professor Albert Breton in his monograph “A Conceptual Basis for Industrial Stratea,” three broad rationales are identified and discussed, with examples. The first of these is aid to correct for distortions in the workings of the market economy, such as the existence of significant externalities. disproportionate risk aversion, oligopoly or monopoly, and, most prevalent but least analysed. the pervasive influence of policies of foreign governments, past governments, provincial governments and of the federal government in non-economic fields. The second rationale is the concentration of government policies. including direct assistance. to promote a purposeful industrial strategy, which in Canada must include a powerful commitment to reducing regional disparities. Finally, and of increasing importance, is the assistance designed to ease the burden of adjustment, by individuals and by communities. to changes in economic circumstances. The paper closes with a recapitulation of the government's announcement in January 1982 of its intention to create n new Department of Regional Industrial Expansion. Sommaire: Cet exposé, préparé pour la conférence annuelle de l'I.A.P.C. de 1982, étudie les raisons de l'aide gouvernerrrentale à l industrie, le choix des instruments de politique et le projet de créer un nouveau ministère de l'Expansion industrielle régionale. L'auteur traite du subventionnement direct d'activités industrielles particulitres, surtout évident dans les cas doctrois de subsides conditionnels, mais sans oublier la protection douanière, les prêts ou les garanties de prêt à des taux préférentiels et la propriétV elle-mêine par le truchernent des sociétés de la couronne. Utilisant le cadre théorique offert par le professeur Albert Breton dans sa monographie “Le Fondement Théorique d'une Stratégie Industrielle” l'auteur identifie et étudie trois raisons principales et donne des exemples. La première de ces raisons est d'aider à corriger les distortions dans le jeu de l‘économie du marché, telles qne l'existence d'importants fxteurs externes, le rejet de risques excessifs, l'oligopole ou le monopole et, ce qui est le plus fréquent rnais a été le moins analysé, l'influence envahissante des politiques des gouvernernents étrangers, des gouverne-ments précédents, des gouvernements provinciaux et du gouvernement fédéral lui-même dans d'autres domaines que l'econornie. La deuxième raison est la concertation des politiques gouvernementales, y compris l'assistance directe, pour promouvoir une “stratégie industrielle” solide qui, au Canada, doit inclure la ferme volonté de réduire les disparités regionales. La troisième raison, dont l'importance continue à croître, est d'alléger les difficultés d'adaptation à de nouvelles circons-tances des individus et des communautés. L'auteur conclut en récapitulant la déclaration du premier ministre Trudeau; celui-ci annonçait L'intention du gouvernement de créer un nouveau rninistère de l'Expansion industrielle régionale comme instrument principal d'aide directe aux investissements privés, contribuant à l'innovation en matière d'industrie, au développement régional et à l'adaptation de l'industrie.     

Fighting cutbacks: some issues for public sector administrators

AbstractAdministrators of many publicly funded organizations are facing the need to implement cutbacks in the light of current budgetary restrictions. An alternative or supplementary course of action to making cuts is to resist them. This article examines four organizations - a Montreal university, a Montreal social service centre and two British health authorities - to see how they dealt with this issue of resistance. Resisting cutbacks requires the use of political strategies which are effective in persuading funding agencies to increase or maintain budgets. The four case studies illustrate the components of a successful strategy in terms of identifying the relevant interest groups, building coalitions and creating legitimacy. In addition, the question of whether administrators should resist budget cuts is explored. The pitfalls of resistance that were encountered by the four organizations are identified, as are the advantages. It is shown that while resistance is a viable option for many public administrators, it is no simple matter. Those contemplating this course of action need to be aware of the issues involved so that they can assess and enhance their chances of success, while minimizing any detrimental effects that resistance may have on the organization and its employees.     

Experimenting with public sector innovation: Revisiting Gow for the digital era

In 1988, James Iain Gow surveyed public servants across Canada on how they access and utilize research from various sources and how that is linked to policy innovation. He documented this research in his book Learning from Others (1994). Thirty years later, we replicate selected parts of the original survey conducted by Gow, but also add an experimental dimension that tests how subjects respond to public service innovations from around the world. We randomly alter key features of those innovations to examine if public servants reveal patterns in the way they process these innovations and make judgements about their suitability or promise.     

Pressman/Wildavsky and Bardach: Implementation in the public sector,past, present and future

Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington are Dashed in Oakland: or, why it's amazing that federal programs work at all, this being the saga of the Economic Development Administration as told by two sympathetic observers who seek to build morals on a foundation of ruined hopes. By JEFFREY L. PRESSMAN and AARON WILDAVSKY. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1973, and subsequent editions. Pp. 182. The Implementation Game: What Happens after a Bill becomes a Law. By EUGENE BARDACH. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 1977. Pp. x, 323.     

Management of the public sector in Japan: Are there lessons to be learned?

Abstract: The objective of this article is to determine whether there are any Japanese public management practices that the government of Canada might emulate. The article discusses the career paths of Japanese senior public servants and the functions of Japanese central agencies. Recruitment of the “best and brightest” by competitive examinations, lifetime employment within one department, a variety of “organizational learning” assignments for younger senior public servants, and bottom-up decision-making all combine to produce a senior public service of the highest calibre. The Japanese have controlled the growth of government by committing themselves to strict limits on the growth of spending, bureaucratic personnel and new organizational units. A central agency program evaluation unit and ongoing administrative reform commissions are evidence of a serious commitment to program evaluation. It is suggested that we attempt to emulate the Japanese by rotating senior officials less frequently so they can develop greater expertise within specific departments, by adopting firmer limits on bureaucratic growth and by strengthening our central agencies' program evaluation capabilities. Sommaire: Cet article a pour but de déterminer s'il existe des pratiques de gestion publique au Japon que le gouvernement du Canada aurait intérêt à adopter. L'article examine le cheminement de carrière des fonctionnaires japonais ainsi que les fonctions des organismes centraux au Japon. Le recrutement des meilleurs éléments par l'intermédiaire de concours, l'emploi à vie dans le cadre d'un même ministère, l'affectation des hauts fonctionnaires plus jeunes à une variété de postes d'apprentissage organisationnel, ainsi qu'une chaine décisionnelle ascendante sont autant d'éléments dont la combinaison finit par produire des hauts fonctionnaires de très grande qualité. Les Japonais ont enrayé l'expansion du gouvernement en adoptant des limites très strictes pour l'augmentation des dépenses et du personnel bureaucratique et pour l'établissement de nouvelles unités organisationnelles. Une section centrale d'évaluation des programmes des organismes ainsi que des commissions permanentes de réforme administrative illustrent bien le sérieux de l'évaluation des programmes. L'article suggère qu'il faudrait essayer d'imiter les Japonais en mutant les hauts fonction-naires moins souvent, afin qu'ils acquièrent de meilleures connaissances dans le cadre d'un ministère donnè, en adoptant des limites plus strictes à notre croissance bureaucratique, et en améliorant la capacité de nos organismes centraux àévaluer les programmes.     

Limitations to developing virtual communities in the public sector: A local government case study

Abstract: This article explores how new information and communication technologies affect public administration practice. It examines efforts by the University of Alberta to develop a web‐based “meeting place,” an on‐line community of practice in the local government sector that was to be a forum for practice‐building discourse and a resource for professional development courses. While the MuniMall project was not an unequivocal success, it does provide important lessons for others who are contemplating similar projects. There are important differences between “open” and “closed” virtual communities, as well as differences among professional groups with respect to their receptivity to engaging in discourse in an open forum. For virtual communities targeted towards a specific professional community, critical factors for ensuring success include the readiness of site architecture upon rollout, as well as the culture, capacity and readiness of the audience. Sommaire: Le présent article approfondit la maniére dont les nouvelles technologies de I'information et de la communication influent sur I'exercice de l'administration public. I1 examine les efforts déployés par 1'Université de l'Alberta pour mettre en place un « lieu de rencontre » sur Internet, réseau en ligne d'échanges de pratiques dans le secteur de l'administration municipale qui devait être un forum de discussions sur le renforcement des pratiques et une resource pour les cours de perfection‐nement professionnel. Alors que le project « MuniMall » n'a pas été un succès sans équivoque, il foumit des leçons importantes à ceux qui envisagent des projects simi‐laires. I1 existe de grandes différences entre les communautés virtuelles « ouvertes » et « fermées », ainsi que des différences parmi les groupes professionnels en ce qui conceme leur réceptivitéà s'engager dans un discours au sein d'un forum ouvert. Pour les communautés virtuelles visant une communauté professionnelle particulière, les facers critiques de succès comprennent l'état de preparation de l'architcc‐ture ciu site dès sa mise en place, ainsi que la culture, la capacité et l'état de préparation de l'audience.