权力、权利和利益的博弈——我国当前城市房屋拆迁问题的法律与经济分析

近年来,房屋拆迁问题及我国现行房屋拆迁制度的调整缺失成为社会关注的焦点问题,屡屡发生于各地的恶性房屋拆迁事件更是将这项攸关民生与民权的核心问题推向社会转型的风口浪尖。在这些房屋拆迁纠纷事件中,政府、开发商、法院、建筑公司、社会公众都卷入其中,私人权利与公共利益、个人利益与政治权力以及商业利益交织在一起,矛盾纠缠错结,愈演愈烈,造成社会关系的高度紧张。本文旨在从法和经济学的角度探讨现行拆迁制度的利弊得失,并结合相关典型案例对政府、开发商、被拆迁人的各自利益关系进行梳理,进而对由物权法、土地管理法、城市规划法、城市房地产管理法,特别是城市房屋拆迁管理条例等基本法律调整下的城市房屋拆迁问题进行博弈论和模式化的分析,揭示出当前城市房屋拆迁纠纷的法律困境及其根源,最后在总结经验和法律比较的基础上提出完善现行房屋拆迁制度的对策建议。     

论证券市场法律责任的立法和司法协调

本文指出,立法者应当扭转重行(刑)轻民的思维定势,对于证券民事责任、证券行政责任与证券刑事责任予以同等关注;司法执法机关对于证券民事案件、证券行政案件与证券刑事责任应予同等关注。文章继而分析了证券民事责任、行政责任与刑事责任的并用与竞合,以及证券民事责任中违约责任与侵权责任的竞合问题。对于最高人民法院2002年1月15日出台的《通知》所引发的人民法院审理证券市场虚假陈述案件涉及的程序与实体问题,也进行了探讨。作者认为,投资者有权起诉面临退市甚至破产境地的虚假陈述公司。作者还主张建立快速落实证券民事责任的争讼解决机制,并建议成立投资者协会,发挥其在落实证券民事责任方面的重要作用。     

Trusted notifiers and the privatization of online enforcement

Online content is increasingly enforced by private parties based on private regulation. One recent trend in the takedown of unlawful online content is the emergence of models, where trusted third parties – private or public – are given privileged notification channels for flagging infringing content.Despite increasing practical importance, these arrangements have received little scholarly attention. This article explores the functioning of trusted notifier-models and how they are addressed by the European lawmaker in the context of two intermediaries, online platforms and domain name registries. Depending on intermediary, trusted notifier-models can both be seen as extension of the existing notice-and-takedown regimes and an additional voluntary expedited-enforcement layer. The author argues that these trusted notifier-models are problematic given the broad room of autonomy that the legislator is leaving to private parties. Whereas models involving public authorities are subject to general administrative law principles as well as constitutional and human rights safeguards, the framework for private regulation (i.e. without intervention of public actors) is less clear. In the field of domain names, these legitimacy issues give raise to special concern given the detached relation between domain names and website content. The paper criticizes the lack of insights into existing arrangements and calls for increased transparency. The author concludes that a legislative minimum framework is desirable.     

民事权益受损者行政诉讼原告资格考辨

民事权益受损者本应通过民事诉讼获得救济,一旦其请求行政机关介入查处违法行为或解决民事纠纷时往往会引发行政诉讼原告资格问题.本文采实质诉权说认为,民事权益受损者起诉权的认定应以公法请求权为基础,故需以保护规范理论为工具探寻公法规范中是否包含保护私人利益的指向,而非简单以侵权行为影响论或行政行为影响论判断受害者的行政诉讼原...     

穿越公私法分界线:自然资源国家所有权委托行使模式

基于我国自然资源自身的特点和自然资源国家所有权行使的实际情况,"统一代表行使+委托行使"模式成为重构自然资源国家所有权行使模式的现实选择,大体呈现出"代表行使—统一代表行使—委托行使"的层级结构。委托行使模式作为代表行使特别是国务院统一代表行使的具体实现方式,以集中统一行使为前提,以将国家所有权界定为私法所有权和实现国家所有权行使与监管权行使的真正分离为基础,横跨公私法两个疆域。委托行使在法律上的实现不仅要求国家所有权穿越公私法的分界线到达私法所有权的彼岸,而且需要使委托关系超越公私法律关系,成为一种新型法律关系。委托行使模式目前可通过委托协议来建立,将来应当通过自然资源特别法完成相应法律构建。     

Powers and Accountability of Private Police

Substantial growth in private policing has been documented in countries throughout the world, and the division of responsibilities for policing between public and private authorities has become increasingly blurred and contested during the last three decades. Because private policing is so frequently assessed on the basis of criteria established with respect to the public police, substantial myths have developed about the powers and accountability of private police; specifically, it is commonly asserted that private police have no significant power(s), and are essentially not accountable, in comparison with the public police. The author argues that such assertions misrepresent the very substantial coercive power of private police as well as the variety of mechanisms through which they may be held accountable, and also commonly exaggerate the effective accountability of the public police. The author concludes that a greater appreciation of the actual power and accountability of private police will provide an improved basis for the development of sound public policy with respect to both private and public policing, and with respect to appropriate relationships between private and public policing organisations.     

Private roles in food safety provision: the law and economics of private food safety

Private food safety standards play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of the foods we consume. A voluntary instrument, private standards are so widespread to have become de facto mandatory for suppliers who wish to access the most profitable markets. Developed by retailers and business coalitions and enforced through third-party certification, private food safety standards constitute one of the principal food safety governance instruments of agribusiness value chains. Albeit private and voluntary, such standards have profound public implications because they contribute to food safety and protect consumers’ health. This article uses law and economics theory to identify their strengths and vulnerabilities and understand the relationship between public and private regulation. Specifically, it examines whether private standards can fulfill the public interest objective of protecting consumers’ health and whether they compete with or rather complement public regulation. The article argues that private standards have emerged in response to food scares to coordinate complex food value chains and have become ever more relevant in the context of intense market globalization, an area in which public regulation often failed. Among the advantages of private standards, are their flexibility and ability to rapidly respond to new risks. Through their focus on management-based regulation and strong market incentives for producers, private standards promote compliance better than traditional inspection methods. Private standards also present several gray areas including increased risk of capture due to their limited transparency and gaps in enforcement by third-party certifiers. The article suggests areas that deserve additional scrutiny, especially the opacity of standards vis-à-vis consumers and the public sector and the quality and reliability of third party certification.     

Signaling Environmental Stewardship in the Shadow of Weak Governance: The Global Diffusion of ISO 14001

This article examines how the quality of domestic regulatory institutions shapes the role of global economic networks in the cross‐national diffusion of private or voluntary programs embodying environmental norms and practices. We focus on ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 14001, the most widely adopted voluntary environmental program in the world, which encourages participating firms to adopt environmental stewardship policies beyond the requirement of extant laws. We hypothesize that firms are motivated to signal environmental stewardship via ISO 14001 certification to foreign customers and investors that have embraced this voluntary program, but only when these firms operate in countries with poor regulatory governance. Using a panel of 129 countries from 1997 to 2009, we find that bilateral export and bilateral investment pressures motivate firms to join ISO 14001 only when firms are located in countries with poor regulatory governance, as reflected in corruption levels. Thus, our article highlights how voluntary programs or private law operates in the shadow of public regulation, because the quality of public regulation shapes firms' incentives to join such programs.     

行政法视野下的不动产物权登记行为

不动产物权登记行为在性质上是一种公法行为而非私法行为,准确地说是行政行为。不动产物权登记行为在行政行为的类型上属于准法律行为的行政登记行为。作为准法律行为的不动产物权登记并不能直接产生私法效果,需要在已经形成的私法关系基础之上结合登记行为才能产生私法效果,但能直接产生公法效果。对于民事争议与行政争议交织的案件,当事人可直接就民事纠纷提起诉讼,根据民事确权的内容申请登记机关重新登记,无需进行行政诉讼。     

Nonfinancial Risk Disclosure and the Costs of Private Ordering

In 2016 the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) considered for the first time whether financial disclosure reform should address information on sustainability matters and other sources of nonfinancial risk. The resulting debate over these issues raised fundamental questions about how well the federal disclosure regime addresses emerging risks and about how well private ordering, through shareholder engagement, the work of private standard‐setters, and corporate voluntary disclosure, can fill the gaps. This article argues that the current model of nonfinancial risk disclosure, based largely on private ordering, is ineffective and undermines the SEC's mission to protect investors, facilitate capital formation, and promote fair, orderly, and efficient markets. This conclusion rests on evidence that the current state of sustainability disclosure is inadequate for investment analysis and that these deficiencies are largely problems of comparability and quality that cannot readily be addressed by private ordering. This article also highlights the costs of agency inaction to investors and to public companies, which have been largely ignored in the debate over the future of financial reporting. It concludes by proposing avenues for disclosure reform.     

证券诉讼在中国:适用前景与改进方略

作为证券市场中的一种纠纷解决和法律执行方式,诉讼的优点包括市场相容性、灵活性、分散性、公开性等。尽管其功效受到了制度性的压抑,但要在中国进一步展开证券诉讼,已经有了相当的制度和学理准备;从现实环境看,诉讼的展开也会对社会秩序产生较为积极的影响。在推进完善诉讼机制时,要注意克服法院层面的制度性消极因素;通过公权和私权结合的方式来推进,以契合中国国家权力主导的基本格局,加强改革的可行性。     

论环境民事公益诉讼

环境权是一项公益性与私益性相结合的权利。因此,既可私益诉讼,也应允许公益诉讼。无论英美法系还是大陆法系,许多国家,对涉及公益的诉讼都建立了相应的诉讼机制,其中环境公益诉讼在这些规定中往往占重要地位。而我国现行的法律框架里,并无环境民事公益诉讼的立足之地。相反,实践却在急迫的呼唤环境民事公益诉讼的出现。因此,我国可借鉴外国立法模式,建立具有中国特色的环境民事公益诉讼法律制度。     

我国不动产物权登记制度的反思与构建

我国现行的不动产登记制度,存在着没有统一的不动产登记立法、没有统一的不动产登记机关、权属证书不统一、登记种类不健全、登记法律效力不明确等问题;在不动产登记制度完善时,应建立不动产物权登记的统一规则、制定统一的不动产登记法,建立统一的不动产登记机关,采纳登记要件主义的立法模式,确立登记的公信力,建立登记机关的赔偿责任制度。     

Rediscovering the public/private divide in EU private law

This article explores the role of the public/private divide within EU private law. It shows that although EU private law cuts across the boundaries of public and private law, the conceptual distinction between these well‐established categories does matter within it and may lead to better law‐making in the EU more generally. The legal grammar of a particular EU harmonisation measure—which can be more “public” or “private”—may have important implications for the position of private parties at national level, for the CJEU's likely activism in this context, and ultimately for the measure's ability to realise its policy goals. Therefore, instead of ignoring the existing differences between public and private law, EU law should explicitly adopt the public/private law language in its discourse, without, however, introducing any sharp divide between these two areas.     

行政法诚信原则的内涵分析——以民法诚信原则为参照

鉴于诚实信用私法原则引入公法的特殊背景,不同法系的私法学者就该原则的内涵存在争议的现象必会在公法领域有所体现,由此为公法领域解释诚信原则带来困难。私法诚信原则的基本内涵可概括为善意真诚、恪守信用和公平合理,以此为基础,可以大致分析出诚信原则在行政法中的具体内涵。     

The Doctrine of Legitimate Expectation & Proportionality: A Public Law Principle Adopted into the Private Law of Employment

This article examines the possible adoption of the public law principles of ‘legitimate expectation’ and the standard of ‘proportionality’ as the appropriate and cohesive legal approach to voluntary promises that are normally found in ostensibly non-contractual documents. The article argues that, allowing a further development into the principle of legitimate expectation, which has already been adopted in employment relations as a further development of the implied duty of trust and confidence, could enhance the courts’ approach to the issue of voluntary promises and avoid the unsatisfactory contractual solution that appears to produce inconsistent results. Giving particular consideration to the courts’ application of the proportionality test, thereby recognises an employee’s hierarchy of interests, when seeking to justify an employer’s decision, this article assesses how the influence of the proportionality standard can, and should, offer a more satisfactory solution when applied to resolving disputes.     

The Dead, the Law, and the Politics of the Past

This article explores the role of law in cultural and political disputes concerning dead bodies. It uses three interconnecting legal frameworks: cultural and moral ownership, commemoration, and closure. It begins with a critique of the limitations of the private law notion of 'ownership' in such contexts, setting out a broader notion of cultural and moral ownership as more appropriate for analysing legal disputes between states and indigenous tribes. It then examines how legal discourses concerning freedom of expression, religious and political traditions, and human rights and equality are utilized to regulate the public memory of the dead. Finally, it looks at the relationship between law and notions of closure in contexts where the dead have either died in battle or have been 'disappeared' during a conflict, arguing that law in such contexts goes beyond the traditional retributive focus of investigation and punishment of wrongdoers and instead centres on broader concerns of societal and personal healing.     

EMERGING ROLES OF THE FAMILY LAWYER

The author examines the problem of representing adverse interests of the parties in family law disputes and proposes some measures for attorneys to address this need. The role of the attorney shifts from being merely an advocate to becoming a consultant and adopting other roles, depending on the needs and wishes of the client. According to this article, the bar must become more sensitive to the needs of the public and the call for a simpler, more “user-friendly” system.     

被盗文物跨国流转所有权争议法律适用规则探讨——兼论《涉外民事关系法律适用法》第37条

文物由于具有稀缺性被视为保值增值的上佳投资品,因而其跨国流转日益频繁,不过其中相当一部分是被盗掘或盗窃后进八国际市场交易。不法分子利用各国所有权取得的种种歧异的规定,将非法获取文物的所有权“漂白”后转手给善意购买人,而最后的纠纷往往在原始所有人与善意购买人间发生。在相关国际公约在解决此类纠纷存在不足的情况下,应从国际私法法律适用的角度探讨解决上述问题的现实可行的方法,即：扬弃“物之所在地法”既有原则,引入文物最初来源地法,在平衡各方利益的基础上形成一套更具灵活性和综合性考量的法律适用方法。     

Managing medical staff disability issues: liability of private hospitals under ADA Titles I and III

This Article examines the extent to which private hospital are liable for discrimination against medical staff members with disabilities, under the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"). Specifically, the discussion focuses on the ways in which Title I, covering employment relationships, and Title III, covering places of public accommodation, apply to hospitals and their medical staff physicians. With respect to Title I, the author focuses on possible liability with respect to independent contractor physicians who have staff privileges at a hospital. The focus with respect to Title III involves claims filed by physicians against hospitals as places of public accommodation. The author concludes that the courts have applied the ADA in a manner broader than intended by Congress, and that private hospitals should assume that both Title I and Title III are applicable to staff privilege decisions. Therefore, any action that adversely affects a disabled physician should be supported by well-documented, objective evidence of a nondiscriminatory reason for that action.