论行政公益诉讼中的原告资格

构建行政公益诉讼制度在我国当前已是势在必行,笔者考察了国外行政公益诉讼原告资格的相关制度,结合中国行政公益诉讼原告资格的理论与实践,提出可赋予检察机关、公益组织及公民行政公益诉讼的原告资格。     

论我国环境公益诉讼制度的适格原告

我国目前面临着严峻的环境问题。法学界普遍认为,我国应该借鉴国外经验,建立环境公益诉讼制度。在环境公益诉讼的适格原告上,至今仍有较多的争议,未取得完全一致的共识。环境公益诉讼制度适格原告的理论依据为"诉的利益"理论,而我国目前仍以"直接利害关系人"理论支撑诉讼原告制度,显现出种种缺陷。适合我国国情的适格原告应为检察机关、社会团体、公民个人。     

环境公益诉讼的原告类型探究

环境公益诉讼是环境保护的一大利器，实践中个案不断出现。近来，贵阳等地更是在建立环境审判庭的同时允许环境公益诉讼，但确立的原告类型却不尽一致。基于中国国情，为实现公益诉讼制度价值，应确立公民、社会团体、检察机关作为环境公益诉讼的原告，但不应允许环保行政机关提起诉讼。此外，还应对原告冲突以及鼓励诉讼及防止滥诉等做出合理的制度安排。     

公民成为行政公益诉讼原告的可能性探究

如何建立行政公益诉讼制度是法学界的一个热点话题,建立该制度面临的首要问题是原告的资格如何确定。公民能否成为行政公益诉讼的原告,是各方争议关键点。本文试图从理论基础、现实价值两方面论证公民成为原告的合法性和必要性,同时论述公民作为原告的不足之处,并构想既能大程度规避其不足,又能使公民实现其权利的制度安排。     

公益诉讼:从可能走向现实

随着司法理念的革新以及法官和普通公民素质的提高,加上局部公益诉讼经验的积累,在我国推行公益诉讼制度将是可行的。本文指出推行公益诉讼制度需要修改相关的程序法和实体法,为原告解决诉讼费用,设置预审制度和恶意诉讼处理制度,建立原告胜诉奖励制度,并广泛推行律师风险代理制。     

论公益诉讼原告的诉讼权利和诉讼义务

公益诉讼的原告问题是建立健全民事公益诉讼制度的重要内容。原告应如何作为,对公益诉讼的制度构造和目的实现起着决定性的作用。本文试通过对公益诉讼原告的诉讼权利和诉讼义务的内容及其行使方式进行论述,突出其与私益诉讼的不同之处,强调关于诉讼权利和诉讼义务的保障和监督,以体现公益诉讼制度的特殊性。     

行政公益诉讼的原告资格新探

在建立行政公益诉讼的过程中原告资格的确定是核心问题。本文就检察机关、社会团体及公民在行政公益诉讼中的原告资格问题分别作了分析,内容涉及原告资格的理论基础,可行性探讨,并针对我国现状提出了提起行政公益诉讼的范围与制度设计。     

行政公益诉讼的原告资格新探

在建立行政公益诉讼的过程中原告资格的确定是核心问题。本文就检察机关、社会团体及公民在行政公益诉讼中的原告资格问题分别作了分析，内容涉及原告资格的理论基础，可行性探讨，并针对我国现状提出了提起行政公益诉讼的范围与制度设计。     

“私人检察总长”理论对我国行政公益诉讼的借鉴意义

美国的“私人检察总长”理论经过诞生之初对原告资格探讨到正式纳入立法予以明确、发展为公民诉讼形式等阶段,逐步成为维护社会公共利益的重要诉讼理论,也是公民参与社会公共利益保护的有效途径。我国当前公益诉讼制度发展过程中,应进一步借鉴“私人检察总长”理论原告主体多元,通过诉前程序开展预防性公益保护,坚持行政权力优先原则等经验,规避该理论存在的原告资格过度扩张,私人逐利性与公益保护价值追求相矛盾以及片面追求政治效果的弊端,促进行政公益诉讼制度更加全面发展。     

论公民个人作为消费者公益诉讼之原告主体资格研究

2012年,伴随着我国新《民事诉讼》法典的出台,公益诉讼制度正式被规定在我国法典之中,公益诉讼制度,作为一项新的法律制度,正式成为保护广大消费者合法权益的一项法律措施,然而,我国新《民事诉讼法》所规定的公益诉讼制度,即第五十五条:"新民诉法第五十五条:"对污染环境、侵害众多消费者合法权益等损害社会公共利益的行为,法律规定的机关和有关组织可以向人民法院提起诉讼。"该法条只对我国公益诉讼原告主体资格进行原则性规定,尚未对公益诉讼原告主体的资格进行具体、明确规定,导致我国公益诉讼制度在司法实践中未能得到较好适用,很难保护广大消费者的合法权益,实现社会公平正义。本文认为,我国应该在立法上不断完善我国的消费者公益诉讼制度,重点完善原告主体的适格问题,这是消费者是否能够提起诉讼进行维权的起点,为此,本文重点在于研究我国公民作为适格主体提起公益诉讼的资格问题。     

我国环境公益诉讼立法存在的问题及其对策——美国判例法的新近发展及其经验借鉴

美国是世界上首创环境公民诉讼制度的国家,其判例对该制度的创新和发展起着非常重要的推动作用。1992年联合国环境与发展大会以来,美国环境公民诉讼判例法在诉讼目的的实现途径、原告的范围、起诉权的要件、法院的受案范围、诉讼的请求、律师参与诉讼的支持机制等技术层面具有一定的发展和变化。相比之下,中国的相关立法则很不发达。发展我国的环境公益诉讼立法,在法律体系方面,不仅应修订《宪法》、《环境保护法》、《民事诉讼法》和《刑事诉讼法》,还应当修订单行环境立法,发挥司法解释的作用;在具体规定方面,要明确规定环境公民诉讼的受案范围、主体要件、前提条件、程序规则、诉讼请求、举证方式和条件,不仅应承认公民的环境权,扩展环境损害的范围,扩大社会团体以及非直接利害关系人行使起诉权的案件范围,还要建立介入诉讼、环境公诉制度及有利于律师参与和代理诉讼的收费标准。     

Independent instances of "souvenir" Asian skulls from the Tampa Bay area

In the summer of 1984, police in Pinellas County, Florida, confiscated six identically colored imported Asian skulls (in a shipping case) from a private citizen. In May 1988, in nearby Hillsborough County, police confiscated a very similar skull from another private citizen, who allegedly had found it in an abandoned house. Aside from slight color differences between the six found in Pinellas County and the one found in Hillsborough County, the skulls are virtually identical in their osteological characteristics and condition and in the vital statistics derived from each. Each skull is as clean and dry as those typically sold by commercial scientific supply outlets in the United States. Each is edentulous (primarily premortem), between approximately 20 and 60 years of age at death, and morphologically Asian. Five of the seven are morphologically male, one is morphologically female, and one is a mosaic with respect to gender-related features. Police, medical examiners, coroners, and forensic anthropologists should be aware of such "souvenir" specimens, in the event that they encounter similar skulls. Discriminant function analyses for race and sex yield considerably conflicting results, which underscores the need for using extreme caution when interpreting forensic science estimates based on such techniques.     

The production of the "battered immigrant" in public policy and domestic violence advocacy

In the context of U.S. public policy, battered immigrant signifies a person who is eligible to adjust his or her status under immigration law if he or she can demonstrate they have suffered domestic violence in the United States perpetrated by a U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident. Among community organizers, the term battered immigrant signifies a broader range of people for whom legal immigration status plays a role in their options for safety planning and/or leaving an abuser, the potential threat of deportation, and the eligibility for public benefits. Based on an ethnographic study of domestic violence advocacy with South Asian immigrants in Seattle and around the United States, this article examines how the difference in signification has direct social and political consequences with regard to who may access the benefits and protection offered to victims of domestic violence in the United States.     

美国公民诉讼主体资格认定规则及启示—以“地球之友诉莱德劳公司”等三案为例

美国公民诉讼大致可以分为公民环境民事诉讼、公民环境行政诉讼和以自然物为共同主体的环境公民诉讼三类,其主体资格认定基本遵循了以"事实上的损害"为依据的原则,同时将公民环境权作为基本权利规定于宪法中,确立并保障了环境保护组织的诉讼地位。我国当前正在修订的《环境保护法》采单一诉权模式,将公益诉讼之诉权赋予给环保组织。由于公民环境权并未在立法中具体化,同时对诉讼主体之资格认定也缺乏明确规定,实践中面临环境公益诉讼之基础权利不足和司法机关对诉讼主体资格难以判断的问题。司法实践中立法机关和最高人民法院可尽快出台相应法律解释,在借鉴美国经验基础上,打破传统诉讼法对主体资格的禁锢,构建环保组织及其成员与公民分设诉权的二元模式。     

Child sex tourism: extending the borders of sexual offender legislation

Child sex tourism, the act of traveling to engage in sexual acts with minors, plagues developing nations worldwide. Several laws have been passed internationally in recent years designed to curtail this practice. Government entities and human rights organizations have driven these efforts. United States citizens represent a significant proportion of participants in child sex tourism. The PROTECT Act of 2003 prohibits United States citizens from participating in sexual acts with minors while traveling, and establishes extraterritorial jurisdiction. The case of Michael Lewis Clark, the first United States citizen convicted under this legislation, is highlighted. Child sex tourism poses unique issues to courts that will require ongoing clarification as challenges arise. This article discusses potential future challenges, describes strategies to address this problem, and relates this issue to psychiatry. Mental health providers may have the role of evaluating both the victims and perpetrators of child sex tourism. The authors propose a classification system for offenses and an initial list of topics to discuss with victims. The authors also describe the proper mechanism for reporting United States citizens suspected of participating in child sex tourism.     

论视为作者原则--以中美两起著作权纠纷案为视角

1986年在美国发生的"美国的第三世界"版权纠纷案和1995年发生在我国的十世班禅大师灵塔案的涉案作品,均为雕塑作品,均是在委托关系下创作完成的,美国初审法院和中国二审法院均将委托关系认定为雇佣关系,并且均适用了视为作者原则。但中美两案的最终结局却大相径庭。1989年美国最高法院在此案终审中申明,委托关系不是雇佣关系,委托作品不是雇佣作品,不适用视为作者原则,遂做出维持二审判决的终审判决,在美国持续了百年之久的委托作品与雇佣作品之争,从此尘埃落定。此终审判决对于移植视为作者原则后深受法人作品与职务作品(雇佣作品)之争困扰的我国法院和正在进行中的著作权法的修订,均有重要的示范意义和参考价值。     

位置商标的注册可能性辨析——从“阿迪达斯三道杠”到“红色鞋底”

从"阿迪达斯三道杠"案到"红色鞋底"案,我国司法判决对位置商标的态度日渐明朗;从《商标法》及相关规定看,我国立法亦未完全限制其"出位"的可能;而参考司法实践对位置商标现实需求及诸如美国、日本及台湾地区已存相关法律规定,我国位置商标存在乃应时之需。我国应整合现有商标体系,将位置商标纳入非传统商标类型,进而进而统一对其功能性审查(尤以单一颜色商标为重)与显著性审查,以此实现法律体系内部自洽,维护有序市场竞争。     

The United States Supreme Court and the death penalty since Furman: The settlement of basic issues

In 1972 the United States Supreme Court in Furman V. Georgia found that the death penalty as it was then being applied was cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. Furman provided few constitutional guidelines, but states reinacted their death penalty statutes.In 1976 the Court began to receive appeals from death sentences imposed under the reinacted statutes. In its decisions the Court began to establish guidelines. It found the death penalty was not per se cruel and unusual punishment. Before the death penalty can be imposed the court must take into consideration any mitigating circumstances and the case must be reviewed by the state supreme court. A mandatory death sentence is unconstitutional.Other issues including proportionality, due process and finality of judgment will be examined in the next segment of this study.     

Environmental “Citizen Suits” in the Czech Republic

For several decades citizens of the Czech Republic have endured a severely degraded environment, stemming partially from reportedly lax enforcement of environmental protection laws. During this period, Czech citizens have lacked the right to litigate citizen suits as a means of increasing environmental enforcement and have never initiated civil litigation against a polluter. However, since 1958, Czech citizens have exercised the right to use citizen correspondence as a means of pursuing their legal interests by alerting government agencies to environmental problems. By Czech law, citizen correspondence obligates government agencies to respond to the cited environmental problems. This paper analyzes how environmental authorities responded to citizen correspondence related to water problems (e.g., drinking water contamination) during the years 1988 to 1992. Since responses may include enforcement actions—monetary fines, remediation requirements (i.e., mandatory cleanup), and correction requirements (e.g., replacement of a leaky storage tank), this type of legal action on the part of citizens approximates a citizen suit. By examining enforcement actions taken in response to these citizen suits, this paper is able to test hypotheses regarding the relationships among the three different types of enforcement actions and empirically identify the liability rule guiding each type of enforcement action.