c-jun及其表达产物的法医学应用前景

c-jun基因是即刻早期基因jun家族成员之一,正常情况下该基因在大多数细胞中表达水平很低且不易被检测到,但在外界某些因素作用下,可被快速激活使之明显表达,其表达产物在多种基因表达、细胞增殖、细胞分化、凋亡等过程中起重要作用。本文综述了即刻早期基因c-jun及其产物c-jun蛋白的结构特点、生物学功能,着重从脊髓损伤、颅脑枪弹创、电击伤等方面阐述了其法医学应用。     

c-jun及其表达产物的法医学应用前景

c-jun基因是即刻早期基因jun家族成员之一,正常情况下该基因在大多数细胞中表达水平很低且不易被检测到,但在外界某些因素作用下,可被快速激活使之明显表达,其表达产物在多种基因表达、细胞增殖、细胞分化、凋亡等过程中起重要作用.本文综述了即刻早期基因c-jun及其产物c-jun蛋白的结构特点、生物学功能,着重从脊髓损伤、颅脑枪弹创、电击伤等方面阐述了其法医学应用.     

大鼠脑干损伤c-fos、c-jun基因的表达

目的探讨脑干损伤后立即早基因c-fos、c-jun的表达在脑干损伤法医学鉴定中的意义。方法采用重物自由落体式建立大鼠脑干损伤快速死亡模型,70只大鼠分为两组,实验组(40只),对照组(30只)。肉眼和HE染色观察脑干组织的形态改变,并通过原位杂交的方法检测大鼠脑干损伤部位c-fos、c-jun基因的表达情况。结果100倍光镜视野下实验组c-fos和c-jun mRNA阳性细胞数计数分别为53.62±9.84和46.85±7.43;对照组c-fos和c-junmRNA阳性细胞数分别为0.9±0.87和1.3±0.67;经统计分析,实验组c-fos、c-jun mRNA基因表达水平较对照组显著增高。结论脑干损伤后损伤部位c-fos、c-jun mRNA基因表达水平增高对脑干损伤快速死亡的法医学鉴定具有参考价值。     

小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中c-jun的表达

目的探讨小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中损伤区c-jun的表达及不同损伤时间c-jun的变化规律。方法应用免疫组织化学染色和Western印迹技术检测小鼠皮肤切创后各个时间段c-jun的表达变化情况。结果正常组织中有少量c-jun表达。伤后3～12h损伤区c-jun主要表达在中性粒细胞中,1～5dc-jun阳性细胞主要以单个核细胞和成纤维细胞为主,7～14dc-jun主要在成纤维细胞中表达。阳性细胞率3～12h逐渐增高,12h达高峰,1～5d有所下降,7d阳性细胞率达第二峰值,10～14d逐渐降低。Western印迹法检测显示各个时间段均有c-jun阳性条带,其中12h和7d为c-jun含量的2个高峰。结论小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中c-jun在损伤区对诱导中性粒细胞、单个核细胞及成纤维细胞的凋亡可能起着重要作用,同时c-jun表达的规律性变化可用于损伤时间的推断。     

Caspase与皮肤损伤

Caspase家族,目前已知至少由14个成员组成,该家族成员在细胞凋亡过程中发挥着重要作用。实验研究表明,在皮肤损伤及愈合过程中,伴随着Caspase的活化和表达,这可能与Caspase诱导细胞凋亡的发生有关。深入研究Caspase在皮肤损伤及愈合过程中的作用机制,有望为皮肤损伤的治疗和法医学损伤时间的推断提供新的方法。本文综述了Caspase家族的生物学特性以及Caspase在皮肤损伤及愈合过程中的研究进展,认为Caspase在皮肤损伤及愈合过程中发挥重要作用,具有深入研究的必要。     

大鼠脑震荡后c-jun蛋白表达变化

目的观察实验性大鼠脑震荡后c-jun蛋白的表达变化规律,探索脑震荡后法医病理学的诊断指标。方法将55只大鼠随机分为脑震荡组和对照组。用免疫组织化学SABC法观察大鼠脑震荡后脑内c-jun蛋白表达变化的规律。结果对照组大鼠可见c-jun蛋白的弱阳性表达。脑震荡组损伤后15min可在神经元观察到c-jun蛋白的表达,随着损伤后经过时间的延长,表达c-jun蛋白的细胞数及范围逐渐扩大,损伤后3h表达达高峰。结论c-jun蛋白的检测可作为诊断脑震荡和推断脑震荡后经过时间的一项敏感指标。     

大鼠弥漫性脑损伤后c-jun和GFAP表达的研究

目的探讨即早基因c-jun和胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）在弥漫性脑损伤（DBI）中的表达规律。方法采用Marmarou方法制作大鼠DBI模型，将65只SD大鼠随机分为DBI组及对照组。用免疫组织化学技术（SABC）及图像分析方法观察大鼠DBI后15min、30min、1h、3h、6h、12h、24h、2d、3d、4d、6d脑组织内c-jun和GFAP表达规律，所得数据经SPSS10．0统计软件处理。结果对照组大鼠脑组织内未见c-jun阳性表达，可见少量GFAP表达。DBI15min即可在脑组织内观察到c-jun表达，而GFAP蛋白的表达则在DBI后6h增加。随着损伤经过时问的延长，c-jun与GFAP阳性细胞数及阳性表达范围逐渐扩大，c-jun表达在DBI后6h达高峰（P〈0．01），其后逐渐下降，伤后2d减退；GFAP阳性产物则在伤后4d左右达高峰（P〈0．01），其后呈下降的趋势。结论应用免疫组织化学方法检测c-jun与GFAP可作为诊断DBI的参考指标，二者在不同时段内表达所呈现出的时序性规律对损伤时间的推测也具有实际应用价值。     

2例亲权鉴定案中的嵌合体STR谱分析

先天性基因嵌合体由遗传获得，是胚胎早期两个不同受精卵相互混合或血管交叉吻合继而发育成的一个包含两套（种）不同细胞系的个体。分为血型嵌合体（twin chimeras）和全身器官组织嵌合体（whole body chimerasl两种。本文通过两例亲权鉴定中发现的男性先天性嵌合体及其家族成员常染色体、性染色体的STR谱遗传分析，探讨先天性基因嵌合体的类型、发生、基因嵌合现象在不同组织中的表现及其作为证据可能在法庭科学调查中存在的风险。分析结果表明，两例男性Y—STR单倍型显示正常，分别与其男性家族成员Y—STR单倍型一致。但其在常染色体和X染色体上的STR基因表现嵌合现象，分别是在胚胎发育早期由男性-女性、男性-男性的异卵双生子发生融合并发育而成的的全身器官组织嵌合体。嵌合体上不同来源组织的STR等位基因强度显示不均衡状态。     

αB晶状体蛋白在视网膜及眼外组织器官中表达及其作用机制

αB晶状体蛋白是脊椎动物晶状体的结构性蛋白,广泛表达于非晶状体组织中。αB晶状体蛋白作为热休克蛋白家族成员之一,具有分子伴侣和抗细胞凋亡等生物学功能。多种因素引起的损伤,如视网膜病变、炎症反应性疾病和神经系统疾病等都与αB晶状体蛋白存在密切关系。本文综述了αB晶状体蛋白在视网膜及眼外组织器官中表达及其作用机制的研究进展。     

脑缺氧损伤后线粒体途径神经元凋亡

脑缺氧后神经元线粒体损伤不单使细胞发生能量缺失和功能丧失,还可以介导凋亡调节信号,是缺氧损伤后神经元凋亡的一个中心环节。线粒体膜通透性转变,释放细胞色素C活化特定的caspase蛋白酶,使细胞进入不可逆的凋亡程序中;Bcl-2家族促凋亡和抑制凋亡成员之间相互作用,调控细胞色素C释放,调节线粒体介导的凋亡过程。     

实验性大鼠脑震荡后c-jun mRNA表达

目的观察实验性大鼠脑震荡后c-jun mRNA的表达变化规律。方法 55只实验大鼠随机分为脑震荡组（0min、15min、30min、60min、3h、6h、12h、24h、48h、96h）和对照组,用原位杂交法观察大鼠脑震荡后各时间点,大脑皮质、脑干和丘脑神经元c-jun mRNA表达的变化规律。结果对照组大鼠神经元和胶质细胞均可见c-jun mRNA的弱阳性表达。脑震荡组大鼠损伤后15min神经细胞观察到c-jun mRNA阳性表达,随损伤后经过时间的延长阳性表达逐渐增强;30min时c-jun mRNA阳性反应达高峰,随后逐渐降低,至96h时回落至对照组水平。结论 c-jun mRNA表达水平可成为诊断脑震荡和推断伤后经过时间的一项敏感指标。     

Digital forensic osteology--possibilities in cooperation with the Virtopsy project

In forensic pathology, the reactions that occur in the body from somatic death to cell death are commonly termed "supravital reactions". There are many reports of grossly visible and microscopic supravital reactions; however, few papers are available on the supravital reaction concerning gene expression. The aim of this study was to examine the gene expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) including c-fos, fos-B and c-jun in mechanically asphyxiated mouse brain and lung after somatic death and to identify the IEGs expressed at the point of supravital reaction in the brain and lung. Our results confirm that the expression of IEGs changed after death during supravital reaction and that the alterations differed according to the cause of death and the types of organ examined. In addition, IEG expression significantly increased following mechanical asphyxia. These results suggest that there is a specific pattern of gene expression following asphyxia. It is therefore important to identify the specific genes involved, as this may give significant information to aid in the post-mortem diagnosis of strangulation and hanging.     

论婚姻家庭领域道德调整与法律调整的关系──兼谈对婚外恋的道德调整和法律调整

婚姻家庭关系的伦理性是道德调整和法律调整的客观基础。社会道德和法律共同规范着婚姻家庭关系。道德调整和法律调整的手段和领域不同。道德调整和法律调整在婚姻家庭关系中某些领域界限明确,可分别调整;但在另一些领域难以明确界定自己的调整范围,道德和法律可从不同层次加以规范。对婚外恋行为,道德和法律可分层调整,以实现道德调整和法律调整的效力。     

Regulating Law Firms from the Inside: The Role of Compliance Officers for Legal Practice in England and Wales

Following the Legal Services Act 2007, which permitted the delivery of legal services through Alternative Business Structures (ABS), the Solicitors Regulation Authority required all regulated legal service firms to appoint Compliance Officers for Legal Practice (COLPs). COLPs are charged with taking reasonable steps to ensure that firms comply with their obligations, which entails interpreting what outcomes‐focused regulation (OFR) requires of the firm. Yet despite their importance, little is known about how compliance roles operate within legal service firms. We addressed this gap through a series of qualitative interviews that explored COLPs’ views of their roles, their attitudes to regulation, in particular to OFR, and to achieving compliance. We found that COLPs are a key regulatory mechanism in the context of firm‐based regulation and OFR and have a critical role to play in protecting and promoting professional values in both ABS and non‐ABS entities.     

When transgressions become transparent: limiting family forms in assisted conception

This article explores the social processes through which ideas about the family become translated into regulation and practice in assisted conception. Drawing on social problems literature, it is suggested that claims are made (by regulators, practitioners and others) about the desirability of certain family types and that forms of regulation occur when families transgress, in particularly obvious ways, the boundaries of those definitions. The apparently disparate examples of lesbian access to donor insemination and donor anonymity are brought together to illustrate the argument. It is also suggested that much formal regulation and clinical practice is directed towards making such transgressions less transparent, thus protecting the practice of assisted conception from unwelcome scrutiny.     

Combining work and family in the Netherlands: Blessing or burden for one's mental health?

In this article we study which characteristics of combining work and family put people at risk for mental illness. Two alternative perspectives on the impact of multiple social roles on mental health are tested: the role accumulation perspective and the role strain perspective. Both perspectives are studied with data from a cross-sectional national survey held among a large, representative sample of Dutch people (N=1008). Multivariate analyses provided support for both perspectives. Having more social roles was related to better mental health. We also found a positive mental health effect of having a full-time job in combination with having children. However, having a partner who contributes less to household duties or having a job with low decision latitude or lower skill discretion was related to mental illness. So, certain aspects of social roles may also threaten people's mental health. Overall, our findings do not support the idea that combining work and family is necessarily a burden and harmful for people's mental health. Whether multiple social roles are a blessing or burden for people's mental health seems to depend on the characteristics of the social roles.