论美国《国家环境政策法》对完善我国环境法制的启示

美国《国家环境政策法》(1969)是一部在世界环境法立法史上占有重要地位的法律。它以一系列立法创新为美国当代环境法制建设奠定了基础。对于新时期的我国环境法制建设而言,美国《国家环境政策法》提供了具有战略意义的启示。这些启示主要体现在环境法制战略突破口的选择、观念更新、职能创新和制度创新四个紧密联系的重要方面。从这4个方面吸取美国《国家环境政策法》的有益经验,对于新时期我国环境法制的完善具有重要意义。     

Are Procedural Rights Derivative Substantive Rights?

Law and Philosophy -     

《劳动合同法》中工会的职权分析

维护职工合法权益既是工会的基本职权,也是工会的基本职责。在新的历史条件下,构建工会的职权体系是有效防范和化解劳资双方矛盾的一条切实可行的路子。我国新近颁布的《劳动合同法》赋予工会的职权可以概括为5个方面的内容,即协商权、异议权、签约权、起诉权和监督权。工会的这一职权体系是一个整体,但这些规定也存在一些问题和不足,尤其是关于签约权、监督权和起诉权的规定均需要进一步完善。     

票据行为实质要件之否定

长期以来,票据法理论除强调票据行为的形式要件外,还把票据能力和意思表示作为票据行为的实质要件。但是,票据能力和意思表示若具有实质要件意义,则与票据行为的要式性、文义性、无因性、独立性等特征相矛盾,也与促进票据流通的票据法理念相冲突。从票据法及票据行为的个性考虑,票据能力欠缺和意思表示瑕疵仅能作为一种抗辩事实,而不能以此否定票据行为的效力,即票据行为上根本不存在所谓的实质要件。     

检察权视野中刑事和解的实体问题探讨

刑罚观念的转变是刑事制度适应社会政治经济形势的必然选择,而刑罚效果是影响和评价刑事制度的主要标尺。在对报应和功利主义刑罚观扬弃的基础上,刑罚人道主义和轻刑化观念日益深入人心。在我国,恢复性司法包括刑事和解观念逐渐融入宽严相济的刑事政策,并在检察机关的监督下谨慎推行。刑事和解首先应在轻罪公诉案件范围内试行,和解的事实基础在于罪刑轻微且加害人悔罪赔偿并取得谅解;和解的法律依据是相对不起诉制度规范。     

英国1998年人权法案

英国1998年人权法案@梁淑英~~     

Judicial Deference under the Human Rights Act

Judicial deference to the other branches of government has become a common judicial technique in cases arising under the Human Rights Act. The author outlines the current approach of British courts in deciding when to defer, arguing that it is flawed and unprincipled. The author goes on to argue that a principled approach to deference is necessary, and offers examples of when and how courts should defer to the other branches of government when considering constitutional claims.     

The Politics of the Human Rights Act

The Human Rights Act is the result of post-war changes in Europe. It is the consequence less of the campaigning of dedicated individuals and more of the change in the position of the United Kingdom in Europe and the world. Objections to incorporation of the Convention have given way to the desire to be like the rest of Europe. Traditional views of the judicial role have given way to a perception of the judiciary as the last bastion against an over-powerful executive, unchecked by Parliament.     

Clashing Rights, the Welfare of the Child and the Human Rights Act

Under the Human Rights Act so far there has been until very recently little judicial or even academic recognition of the difference between resolving clashes of Convention rights and addressing conflicts between utilitarian concerns and such rights. This article has chosen to illustrate that failure of recognition and to consider methods of resolving the conflict between rights, by concentrating on one particular clash of rights – that between media free speech under Article 10 and the privacy of children under Article 8. It argues for presumptive equality for the two rights and for conducting a 'parallel analysis' of their application to the circumstances of a particular case. It contends that therefore the principle that the child's welfare is paramount must be abandoned in its present form, as must the presumptive priority accorded to Article 10 where that principle is not found to apply.     

Accommodating Children's Rights in a Post Human Rights Act Era

This article considers why so little case law currently acknowledges that children have recognisable rights under the European Convention on Human Rights and argues that the family courts are not meeting the demands of the Human Rights Act 1998 in this regard. It suggests that a reinterpretation of the 'paramountcy principle' in the Children Act 1989 should be accompanied by a radically different judicial approach to evidence relating to children's best interests. The article considers the difficulties that such an approach might produce when applied to teenagers intent on refusing life-saving medical treatment. It further argues that the courts should call on the substantial body of rights jurisprudence to provide legal and moral support for this revised approach.     

论实行行为的存在范围与归责原则的修正

实行行为是指对法益侵害有紧迫危险性的定型性行为,“责任与行为同在”原则是指责任与实行行为同在。但并非所有犯罪的成立都需要实行行为。在预备犯、独立教唆犯、过失犯、原因自由行为、间接正犯等特殊情形中,都没有实行行为。这就需要对归责原则进行修正,而以因果归责原则为补充原则,只要行为人主观上有过错,客观上其行为给法益造成了损害或有造成损害的现实危险,就可令行为人承担刑事责任。     

The Presumption of Innocence and the Human Rights Act

There has recently been a proliferation of case law dealing with potential inroads into the presumption of innocence in the criminal law of England and Wales, in the light of article 6(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights. This article is concerned with the nature of the presumption of innocence. It considers two central issues. The first is how the courts should address the question of when the presumption of innocence is interfered with. The second is the extent to which interference with the presumption of innocence may be justified on the grounds of proportionality. It is argued that the courts have not developed the appropriate concepts and principles properly to address these questions.     

国家的人权保障责任与国家人权机构的建立

在主权国家日渐向国际社会开放其边界的全球视野中,国家的人权保障责任具有了国际与国内两个维度。在人权普适价值的指引下,人类找到了在谅解、宽容、平等的基础上和平对话、共促社会正义实现的新的可能性。建立促进和保护人权的国家机构是将这种可能性向现实性推进的重要措施之一。在中国建立国家人权保护机构是我国应履行的大国责任,此机构的建立有利于我国履行人权保障责任、促进人权事业的发展。     

论环境权的人权属性

对于环境权的属性问题一直是法学界争论的一个焦点 ,可谓众说纷纭 ,莫衷一是。从权利本原的角度入手 ,阐述目前我国研究权利特别是环境权的范式存在的误区 ,提出应从唯物主义的立场揭示环境权的自然权利属性。同时 ,对人权的历史发展中概念、性质、主体和内容的变化进行剖析 ,推断出环境权符合人权的构成要件 ,在精神实质与价值内涵上与人权存在固有的联系 ,是一项人类社会生存与发展不可或缺的基本人权。