Spain's pursuit of security in the western Mediterranean

Despite efforts to develop a more ‘global’ presence in the Mediterranean, Spanish foreign policy has remained preoccupied primarily with the western Mediterranean. Security concerns have featured prominently in Madrid's policy towards this area, although Spanish economic interests have grown notably in Morocco over the past decade. Spain has looked to the EU for multilateral reinforcement in support of its own national objectives, chiefly through the Euro‐Mediterranean Partnership. It has found, however, that on major issues, such as northward migration, bilateral relationships remain fundamental to an effective pursuit of security. Policy effectiveness has been affected by a diversification of Spanish foreign policy ambitions under Aznar and a lack of coherence between northern and southern security concerns.     

欧盟新地中海政策述评

为了维护在南地中海地区重要的战略和经济利益,欧盟从20世纪90年代中期开始在该地区采取新地中海政策。随着欧盟东扩进程的发展,新地中海政策被纳入"欧洲邻国政策"范围。新地中海政策的实施,扩大了欧盟发展模式对南地中海国家的影响,促进了南地中海国家由计划经济向市场经济的转轨,也促进了政治民主化和法制化、环境保护与经济协调发展和区域经济合作进程,因而对南地中海国家的发展起到一定的推动作用。但由于南地中海国家的国情与欧洲国家迥异,不可能完全照搬欧盟和欧洲国家的发展模式。对于南地中海国家而言,真正的挑战在于如何充分利用欧盟推行南地中海政策所带来的机遇,积极探索符合本国国情的发展道路。     

地中海联盟的由来与前景

地中海联盟建立在"巴塞罗那进程"的基础上,也是欧盟与南地中海国家关系不断发展的一种延续.地中海联盟试图通过深化欧盟与地中海地区国家在政治、安全和经济社会发展领域的合作,推动可持续发展、促进地区安全、加强能源合作、控制非法移民、打击恐怖主义,以及推进不同文明间的对话.地中海联盟不仅反映出欧盟在维护欧洲安全、移民、能源和巩固势力范围等方面的战略考量,也体现出地中海南岸国家谋求经济和社会发展的愿望.尽管建立地中海联盟的意愿是良好的,但由于欧盟和地中海国家在政治意愿与客观需求方面存在不少差异,实现预定目标仍面临不少困难.     

Border management in the Mediterranean: internal,external and ethical challenges

Framed in the Justice and Home Affairs external dimension (JHAE) literature that argues that the European Union's (EU) internal security has become an objective of European foreign policy, this article offers an analysis of the institutionalization of border management in the Mediterranean. Investigating the role of Frontex, the European border management agency, this article reveals that border management in the Mediterranean is a fragmented policy that presents internal and external challenges. First, at an internal level, border management remains a sensitive issue where the principles of burden sharing and solidarity between EU member states are difficult to operationalize. Second, at an external level, effective border management is dependent on cooperation with EU's neighbours, as the Spanish-Moroccan case demonstrates. Lastly, along with these internal and external challenges, border management raises some crucial issues about the opportunity of externalizing surveillance technologies to authoritarian regimes.     

“地中海联盟”的成立及面临的挑战

2008年7月13日，欧盟27个成员国、部分地中海沿岸国家和卡塔尔、毛里塔尼亚等43个国家的领导人在法国首都巴黎举行了首届地中海峰会。峰会通过联合声明，制定共同战略，启动了旨在深化欧盟和地中海沿岸国家之间合作的“地中海联盟”计划。峰会的召开标志着这一新的国际联盟正式形成，将使欧盟成员国与地中海沿岸国家和地区的合作进一步提升。     

The EU and the Mediterranean: Overhauling the status quo policy approach

Redefining sovereignty: The use of force after the end of the cold war / edited by Michael Bothe, Ellen O'Connell, Natalino Ronzitti. ‐ Ardsley : Transnational Publishers, c2005. ‐ xii, 496 p. ‐ ISBN 1–57105–324–7     

The political use of military power in the Mediterranean by the United States and the Soviet Union

Since 2003, state control in the Russian economy has increased significantly. This has affected mainly, but not only, the oil industry. This policy development gives some grounds for concern about Russia's long-run growth. Its origins lie in power struggles within the political elite, in efforts by members of that elite to enrich themselves and in a profound distrust on the part of that elite of any sources of power that they do not themselves control. One result is that business confidence has been dented, the growth of oil output has slowed, and future GDP growth depends more heavily than before on further growth in oil prices.