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1.
Youth, Police Legitimacy and Informal Contact 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lyn Hinds 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2009,24(1):10-21
This paper explores the under-researched topic of young people’s attitudes towards police in two studies using structural
equation modelling. The first study examines the influence of police legitimacy on the willingness of young people to assist
police. The second study examines the impact of informal contact with police during a community policing project on young
people’s willingness to assist police. Findings show that young people who view police as legitimate are more willing to assist
police. Participation in the community policing project had a significant and positive influence on young people’s willingness
to assist police independent of young people’s attitudes about police legitimacy.
相似文献
Lyn HindsEmail: |
2.
Michael Massoglia 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2006,22(3):215-239
Research has devoted substantial attention to patterns of offending during the transition to early adulthood. While changes in offending rates are extensively researched, considerably less attention is devoted to shifts in the type of offending displayed during the transition to adulthood. Changes in the type of offending behavior suggest a pattern of “displacement” or shifts between various types of crime, rather than desistance from deviant behavior. In this paper, I integrate methods previously developed in stratification research and use longitudinal data from the National Survey of Youth that span the transition to adulthood to examine the extent to which desistance and displacement of deviant behavior are defining attributes of offending during the transition to early adulthood. The findings indicate that while desistance is clearly present, altering patterns of offending, or within-person displacement, rather than termination of illicit activity is most evident in the data.
相似文献
Michael MassogliaEmail: |
3.
Marriage and Desistance from Crime in the Netherlands: Do Gender and Socio-Historical Context Matter? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Bianca E. Bersani John H. Laub Paul Nieuwbeerta 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2009,25(1):3-24
Over the last two decades, research examining desistance from crime in adulthood has steadily increased. The evidence from
this body of research consistently demonstrates that salient life events—in particular, marriage—are associated with a reduction
of offending across the life course. However, previous studies have been largely limited to male samples in the United States.
As a result, questions regarding the universal effect of these relationships remain. Specifically, research is needed to assess
whether the desistance effect of life events like marriage varies by gender and/or socio-historical context in countries other
than the U.S. The present research addresses these gaps by examining the relationship between marriage and criminal offending
using data from the Criminal Career and Life Course Study (CCLS). The CCLS includes criminal conviction histories spanning
a large portion of the life course for nearly 5,000 men and women convicted in the Netherlands in 1977. Because we assess
change over multiple observations within and between individuals, we utilize hierarchical models to estimate gender and contextual
effects of marriage on criminal offending (i.e., any, violent, and property convictions). Overall, we find consistent support
for the idea that marriage reduces offending across gender and socio-historical context. Notably, we find that the reduction
in the odds of offending due to marriage is significantly greater for individuals in the most contemporary context. The implications
of these findings are discussed.
相似文献
Bianca E. BersaniEmail: |
4.
This paper focuses on shifts in the age distribution of homicide offending in the United States. This distribution remained
remarkably stable with small but significant changes over a long period of time. Then between 1985 and 1990 the rates of homicide
offending doubled for 15-to-19 year olds and increased nearly 40% for 20-to-24 year olds, while the homicide offending rates
decreased for those over 30. In addition to this “epidemic of youth homicide,” which lasted through the mid-1990s, there have
been systematic changes in the age distribution of homicide in the United States associated with cohort replacement over the
past 40 years. We introduce an estimable function approach for estimating the effects of age, period, and cohort. The method
allows us to assess simultaneously the impacts of periods and cohorts on the age distribution of homicide offending. We find
that although the age curve remains relatively stable, there are shifts in it associated systematically with cohort replacement.
Cohort replacement accounts for nearly half of the upturn in youth homicides during the epidemic of youth homicides, but a
significant fraction of that upturn is not associated with cohort replacement.
相似文献
Robert M. O’BrienEmail: |
5.
Jeffrie G. Murphy 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2007,1(1):5-20
This is a slightly revised text of Jeffrie G. Murphy’s Presidential Address delivered to the American Philosophical Association, Pacific Division, in March 2006. In the essay the author reconsiders two positions he had previously defended—the liberal attack on legal moralism and robust versions of the retributive theory of punishment—and now finds these positions much more vulnerable to legitimate attack than he had previously realized. In the first part of the essay, he argues that the use of Mill’s liberal harm principle against legal moralism cannot be cabined in such a way as to leave intact other positions that many liberals want to defend—in particular, certain fundamental constitutional rights and character retributivism in criminal sentencing. In the second part of the essay, he expresses serious doubts—some inspired by Nietzsche—about the versions of character retributivism that he had once enthusiastically defended and now describes himself as no more than a “reluctant retributivist.”
相似文献
Jeffrie G. MurphyEmail: Phone: +1-480-965-5856 |
6.
Institutionalized corruption: power overconcentration of the First-in-Command in China 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
相似文献
Ren Jianming (Corresponding author)Email: |
Du ZhizhouEmail: |
7.
Tom Sorell 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2007,1(2):215-222
There is something intuitively correct about singling out emergency workers for legal protection, and for criminalizing not
just assault, but obstruction. Moreover, at least one sophisticated theory of right and wrong – Scanlon’s—indicates some deep
reasons for endorsing these intuitions. After applying Scanlon’s theory in the relevant way, I want to argue that the same
grounds it provides for recent Scottish legislation and UK sentencing guidelines can also be given for punishing more seriously
offences that current English law trivialises.
相似文献
Tom SorellEmail: |
8.
David Drissel 《Asian Journal of Criminology》2006,1(2):137-154
This article examines possible reasons for the dramatic rise in Chinese juvenile delinquency rates that have occurred since
the start of economic reform. The article focuses on the degree to which relatively recent modifications in the ideology and
practice of Chinese communism have engendered new social pressures and strains on young people. Delinquents’ social values
are compared with those of non-delinquent youth, drawing heavily from data collected in a longitudinal birth cohort study.
The dataset is assessed for evidence of subterranean values; i.e., subculture-based reflections of principles found within
the dominant political culture; based on the theory that youthful deviance and delinquency in China are fueled primarily by
the relatively rapid diffusion of often-contradictory market-based precepts. The lingering impact of Maoism is also assessed,
particularly with regard to incongruous ideological influences on youth.
相似文献
David DrisselEmail: |
9.
The Silence of the Lambdas: Deterring Incapacitation Research 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This essay provides an economist’s perspective on criminological research into incapacitation effects on crime. Our central
argument is that criminologists would do well to substantially scale back the enterprise of trying to estimate the various
behavioral parameters central to a micro-level approach to measuring incapacitation effects, including the annual rate of
offending outside of prison (λ) and the lengths of criminal careers. One problem with this line of research is practical:
for example, mean estimates of self-reported criminal activity by incarcerated prisoners are quite sensitive to reports by
the most criminally active offenders. But the larger concern is conceptual—the incapacitation effects from a given change
in sentencing policy may be undermined by the possibility of replacement effects, and at the same time omit other benefits
that may arise from deterrent effects on crime. A more promising approach is to identify plausibly exogenous changes in sentencing
policy in order to estimate the net impact on crime from the combined effects of incapacitation, deterrence and replacement.
相似文献
Jens LudwigEmail: |
10.
Gemma Collantes Celador 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,51(2):231-242
Police reform plays a key role in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s internationally-supervised statebuilding process. It is one of
the four key conditions to move the country closer to its European future. Against this background the article analyses the
role that the European Union Police Mission (EUPM) plays in preparing Bosnian police agencies for this challenge. Using as
guiding tools some of the key elements of the Mission’s leitmotif—local ownership, European police standards—the article comes
to the conclusion that EUPM has introduced much needed reforms but these have been overshadowed, among other things, by the
police restructuring process and its unnecessary politicisation of “European police standards/practices” to fit a model of
statehood not shared by all local stakeholders.
相似文献
Gemma Collantes CeladorEmail: |
11.
Considering earlier research into police use of force as well as the judicial and practical frame of police work in Germany,
the article presents the results of an empirical study on the individual and collective legitimization of the use of force
by German police officers. There are numerous justifications for the use of force expressed by focus group participants in
eight German Federal States who were responding to a hypothesized scenario. In the discussions observed within the groups,
reference is first made to the state’s duty to prosecute alleged offences and the measures or formal actions to do this—hence,
the legal authority to use force. In the course of the discussions, however, it became obvious that illegal violence may occur,
although it was not perceived as such by the officers. Overall, and after an intensive analysis of the focus group discussions,
it can be stated that use of force (whether legal or not) depends on the police officer’s perception of the resistance of
the person being engaged with. In this regard, different social–cultural or physical–material factors can be identified. They
have different influences on the individual legitimization of police actions, intertwined with the perception of the situation
as constructed by the officer. Three ways of perceiving the situation can be deduced, resulting in different patterns of justification
for the use of force.
相似文献
Astrid Klukkert (Corresponding author)Email: |
Thomas OhlemacherEmail: |
Thomas FeltesEmail: |
12.
Peter Westen 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2007,1(3):307-326
Commentators have contested the role of resulting harm in criminal law since the time of Plato. Unfortunately, they have neglected
what may be not only the best discussion of the issue, but also the first—namely, Plato’s one-paragraph discussion in the
Laws. Plato’s discussion succeeds in reconciling two, seemingly irreconcilable viewpoints that till now have been in stalemate.
Thus, Plato reconciles the view, that an offender’s desert is solely a function of his subjective willingness to act in disregard
of the legitimate interests of others, with the view that criminal sentences can appropriately be made to depend upon how
indignant, angry, and upset society is at an offender based upon the results of his culpable conduct. In doing so, Plato casts
light on retributive theories of punishment by suggesting that an adjudicator can be committed to retribution and yet rightly
believe that it is inappropriate to give an offender the full punishment he deserves. He also lays a basis for the view that
causation, rather being predicates for the just punishment of offenders toward whom the public is intuitively angry for harm,
is the consequence of the public’s being intuitively angry at offenders for harm.
相似文献
Peter WestenEmail: |
13.
Wasting innovation: barriers to entry and European regulation on waste electronic equipment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The European Directive on Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment 2002/96/EC distorts incentives in regulated markets. Treatment
of ‘historical waste’—i.e. products sold prior to 13 August 2005—is financed by all firms in the market at the time of disposal.
This stimulates excessive pre-regulation output by incumbents for two reasons: a costs sharing effect and entry deterrence.
Entry deterrence is achieved by raising the common costs of waste disposal. Entry is a main driver of innovation in the affected
industries. The feasibility of a first best policy is discussed and an alternative rule superior to the status quo is presented.
相似文献
Grischa Perino (Corresponding author)Email: |
14.
In this article we show—using the estimated cost efficiency of banks—that besides the risk (proxied by the share of non-performing
loans), the quality of operational cost management was an equally important determinant of bank failure risk during the decade
of banking sector transformation in the Czech Republic.
相似文献
Jiří Podpiera (Corresponding author)Email: |
15.
Support for Harsh Criminal Sanctions and Criminal Justice Beliefs: A Social Dominance Perspective 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jim Sidanius Michael Mitchell Hillary Haley Carlos David Navarrete 《Social Justice Research》2006,19(4):433-449
Much of the criminal justice literature indicates that people’s support for harsh criminal sanctions such as the death penalty
is strongly related to their beliefs about deterrence and their beliefs about retribution. In this paper, using social dominance
theory as our organizing framework, we expand upon this literature by showing that social dominance orientation (SDO) is also
related to support for harsh criminal sanctions, as well as to deterrence and retribution beliefs. In addition, we show that
the relationships between SDO, on the one hand, and support for various forms of severe criminal sanctions, on the other,
are mediated by deterrence and retribution beliefs.
相似文献
Jim SidaniusEmail: |
16.
Nicholas Dorn 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,51(2):283-295
So much has been written—and vigorously contested—about ‘organised crime’ (OC) that the impending fall of this familiar icon
may come as a shock, both to its detractors and to those who take it for granted. Yet that moment may be upon us, for reasons
that this paper will explore, as the European Union shifts the vocabulary within which policies on police cooperation are
articulated. A pivot of this change is the EU Council Decision on Europol, first debated by the Council in late 2006 and anticipated
as applying from 2010 onwards. This will shift the scope of Europol’s work from ‘organised crime’ (attributing qualities to
criminality) to ‘serious crime’ (concern with impacts and harms falling on individual and collective victims); will transfer
financing of Europol to the Community budget; and so will initiate parliamentary scrutiny. These issues in security governance
are explored from ‘northern’, ‘southern’ and ‘eastern’ European perspectives and in the contexts of ongoing enlargement and
democratisation of the EU.
相似文献
Nicholas DornEmail: |
17.
This study examines the determinants of turnover intentions of off farm migrant workers, using data collected from China’s
Jiangsu Province. Turnover intention is posited to be a function of demographic/human capital characteristics, job characteristics
and job satisfaction. We find that higher levels of education have a positive effect on reported turnover intentions, while
higher income and job satisfaction have a negative effect on turnover intentions. To the extent turnover intentions represent
a good proxy for actual turnover, the results can be viewed as providing reliable predictors of job mobility among off farm
migrant workers at a time when there is a growing shortage of such workers in China’s coastal provinces.
相似文献
Russell SmythEmail: |
18.
Ian Turner 《Liverpool Law Review》2008,29(3):309-333
The definition of the irrationality ground of judicial review recognises the constitutional principle of the separation of
powers, in allowing for judicial control of the executive only very rarely. The author in a previous article in this study
found that the courts, on occasions, had intervened in circumstances where administrative decisions arguably were not irrational.
To this end, the purpose of this article is to assess the constitutionality of these seemingly low standards of irrationality.
The author does so by reference either to the manner of review employed—the use of the proportionality principle, for example—or
the context of the administrative decision under scrutiny, such as the infringement of the applicant’s fundamental rights.
The author finds that the cases from the previous article where low standards of irrationality were arguably adopted were,
in fact, legitimate according to these chosen methods of evaluation. However, this is an interim conclusion because, for reasons
of word length, the author is unable to complete a full assessment here. It is therefore proposed that a subsequent article
will continue to examine the constitutionality of these cases. Furthermore, the author will also try and establish a zone
of executive decision-making, for reasons of democracy, where the courts are excluded from irrationality review. If the author
is unsuccessful in this regard, the final conclusion of this study will inevitably be that low standards of judicial intervention
exist without limit—a clear assault on the constitutional principle stated above.
相似文献
Ian TurnerEmail: |
19.
Daniel Paul McLoughlin 《Law and Critique》2009,20(2):163-176
The concept of division or caesura is central to the political and legal philosophy of Giorgio Agamben. This paper examines
the different ways in which Agamben characterises the law in terms of caesura, and the manner in which this analysis of law
is grounded in his analyses of language. I argue that there are two forms of legal division to be found in Agamben’s political
analyses. The first is the division that occurs when the legal system produces determinate identities, such as those of nation,
and socio-economic status. However, this form of division is itself predicated upon the division that delimits the law as
such, the caesura between political and bare life. The way that Agamben sets up both of these political problems is deeply
indebted to his analyses of the ‘presuppositional structure’ of metaphysical language—the fracture between signification and
its excess.
相似文献
Daniel Paul McLoughlinEmail: |
20.
Antonio Negri 《Law and Critique》2008,19(3):335-343
The only way of entering the world of ‘fragmented law’ (or ‘societal constitutionalism’) is arguably to make normative fragmentation
correspond with constituent excess. As Foucault would say, once we are involved in an ‘epistemic crisis’, we must then modify
those systems that organise knowledge in conjunction with the very forms that produce it. This contribution considers some
privileged forms of critique and reconstruction beyond normative fragmentation and essentially argues in favour of governance
dynamics, as well as for ontological devices engaged in the production of subjectivity.
相似文献
Antonio NegriEmail: |