The ordinal localization of multiple mono-type carpal bones

The case study was based on the osteologic collection of the chair for anthropology, State Moscow University, including the male carpal bones (67) and female carpal bones (13), aged above 18 to 20. Four measurements were made according to Martin's scheme for metacarpal bones and finger phalanxes. A diagnostic method was worked out on the bases of the discriminative analysis, with such method enabling the remodeling of the ordinal localization of metacarpal bones as well as of main, medium and distal phalanxes. The maximally accurate classification was ensured for metacarpal bones, ranging from 81.5% to 100%; and the minimally accurate one was achieved for distal phalanxes, ranging from 20% to 95%. The discriminative analysis results were checked for distal phalanxes by Neklyudov's series (male--100, female--85); they were described according to 7 sizes. However, an attempt to enhance the accuracy of the classification of these phalanxes failed. The offered method should be applied in combination with the traditional anatomic-and-morphological method; besides, if possible, it is necessary to check the congruence of joint surfaces in the metacarpal interphalangeal joints.     

The ordinal localization of mono-type foot bones

The osteologic collection of the chair for anthropology, Moscow State University, comprising male (n = 70) and female (n = 14) foot bones from persons aged more than 18-20, was investigated. An appropriate Martin program was fixed to the instep bones (IB) of the proximal and middle toe phalanxes (4 sizes for each bone) with 65 signs being studied in each case. The mathematical data processing was SPSS-aided. Diagnostic models for defining the order IB localization in the proximal and middle phalanxes were elaborated on the basis of discriminative analysis. The classification accuracy is maximal for IB (80-100%) and minimal for the middle phalanxes (26.19-77.38%). The definition of the order localization of phalanxes in toes 2-5 is virtually impossible. The designed method can be used alongside with the routine anatomic-and-morphological findings. The congruence of surfaces in the instep-phalanx and interphalangeal joints must be necessarily checked.     

Diagnosis of skeletal massiveness and somatic type of man by blood type

The oseological collection of the chair for anthropology, Moscow State University, including 7 mature male foot bones and 13 mature female foot bones, was studied. The canonical and discriminative analyses were made use of to work out a diagnostic model designed for determining the massiveness of the skeleton on the basis of measurement features of the tarsus and metatarsus bones. Besides, models for the diagnosis of a body constitution on the basis of separate foot segments were elaborated. The correct classification based on the metatarsus osteometry amounts to 67.2%, and the one based on the osteometry of tarsus--to 58.3%. Cases from the practice of experts are described, which significantly facilitates the mastering of the suggested methods.     

Determination of sex from the metacarpals in a Thai population

Determination of sex using metacarpals was carried out on a sample of 249 skeletons from a Thai population (154 males and 95 females), ranging in age from 19 to 93 years. Six measurements were taken on each metacarpal, namely maximum length, medio-lateral base width, antero-posterior base height, medio-lateral head width, antero-posterior head height and mid-shaft diameter. Binary logistic regression equations were calculated for determining sex from these measurements. All metacarpals from both sides produced at least one equation that correctly allocated the skeletons with 80% or greater accuracy. In a comparative test using only individuals with no missing measurements (n=196), the most accurate equations for each metacarpal on the right side had pooled allocation accuracies ranging from 85.2% to 89.3%, with the best equation based on three measurements from the 5th metacarpal. On the left side, the most accurate equations for each metacarpal ranged from 83.2% to 89.8% correct allocation, with the best equation based on three measurements of the 2nd metacarpal. When the allocation accuracy for each sex is considered in addition to the pooled accuracy, the best equations involve the same three measurements of the 5th metacarpal on the right side, but shift to three measurements of the first metacarpal on the left side, with a pooled accuracy of 88.3%. The results of this study suggest that metacarpals can be used quite reliably for sexing in forensic contexts in Thailand.     

Identification of sex depending on radiological examination of foot and patella

Forensic anthropology involves the building of an antemortem profile of an individual from skeletal remains. This includes sex, race determination, and age and stature estimation. Because most bones that are conventionally used for sex determination are often recovered either in a fragmented or incomplete state, it has become necessary to use denser bones that are often recovered intact, eg, the patella, calcaneus, and talus. The present work was performed to investigate the possibility of estimation of sex from some radiologic measurements among a known cross-section of Egyptian population. In this study lateral and anteroposterior radiographs of the right foot and knee were made on 160 living unfractured and nonpathologic individuals comprising 80 males and 80 females aged 25 to 65 years referred to the Radiology Department of Assiut University Hospital. Two measurements on right patella (maximum height and maximum width) and 2 measurements of metatarsal bones (length and midshaft diameter), were used to determine sex by univariate and multivariate discriminant analysis. Eighty radiographs of foot and patella of individuals not used in the original sample were randomly selected to test the accuracy of this method. The study revealed that significant sex differences were demonstrated based on these measurements taken on metatarsal bones more than on patella. One function associating 2 parameters (length and midshaft) of the third metatarsal bone obtained the highest value of correct sex determination with rate of 100% accuracy. The multivariate function associating length of the first, third, and fifth metatarsal bones and midshaft of first, second, and fifth metatarsal gave 100% accuracy. Test of multivariate function on the independent sample revealed a correct classification of 87.5%.     

Rolando骨折成伤机制的法医学研究

目的研究与分析第一掌骨基底部Rolando骨折成伤原因，拟为法医学解决相应类型案件提供技术帮助与科学证据。方法对49例形成原因无争议的Rolando骨折临床病历资料进行整理分析，对21例尸体双手第一掌骨不同部位进行钝性打击实验以观察骨折类型及形态，综合分析Rolando骨折成伤原因。结果临床病历资料统计分析及法医尸体打击实验均证实第一掌骨基底Rolando骨折系拇指屈曲内收时偏桡侧作用于第一掌骨头部并沿掌骨长轴传导的轴向暴力作用所致；Rolando骨折断面呈T形或Y形，骨折线通过第一掌腕关节。结论第一掌骨基底Rolando骨折系拇指屈曲内收时偏桡侧作用于第一掌骨头部并沿掌骨长轴传导的轴向间接暴力作用所致。     

利用脚手长及相关部位推测身长的研究

探讨脚长、手长及相关部位与身长的相关关系。对 489名男女青年进行了脚长、脚掌宽、手全长、食指长、中指长、小指长和身长的测量 ,并将测量数据输入计算机中进行回归分析。结果表明 :男性各项指标与身长具有一定的线性关系 ,呈直线正相关。其直线回归方程包括 :(1) y =93 5 5 + 3 2 6x (用脚长推测身长 ) ;(2 ) y =130 79+4 18x (用脚掌宽推测身长 ) ;(3) y =76 15 + 5 33x (用手全长推测身长 ) ;(4)y =10 8 6 1+ 8 76x (用食指长推测身长 ) ;(5 )y =94 85 + 9 47x (用中指长推测身长 ) ;(6 ) y =12 0 79+ 8 6 8x (用小指长推测身长 )。女性手全长和中指长两项测量指标与身长具有一定的线性关系。其直线回归方程包括 :(1) y =119 86 + 2 44x (用手全长推测身长 ) ;(2 )y =12 9 89+ 4 0 8x (用中指长推测身长 )。女性的脚长、脚掌宽、食指长、小指长等 4项测量指标与身长的线性关系不明显 ,其推测身长的方程式不宜应用     

Estimation of stature in children from radiographically determined metacarpal length

Whether radiographically determined second metacarpal diaphyseal length could provide a reliable estimator of stature in children was investigated. The data consist of measurements of stature and 1597 left hand-wrist radiographs of children from 1 to 7 years of age from rural Guatemala. The errors in estimating stature in children from metacarpal length are comparable to those from equations estimating stature from long bones. It is concluded that second metacarpal length may be a reliable and practicable referent for the estimation of stature in children.     

西南地区成人面颅骨的性别判定

目的建立适合西南地区成人的颅骨性别判定函数。方法性别明确的颅骨67个,测量颅骨最大长、颅骨最大宽、颅高等16项指标,所得数据进行统计学分析,建立单一变量及多变量性别判定方程,并对5个无名颅骨进行回带检验。结果 16项指标中有13项存在显著的性别差异,男性大于女性,单变量函数推断性别以鼻高(男78.4%,女83.3%)、颅骨最大长(男83.8%,女73.3%)准确率较高。多变量性别判定函数以颅周长、鼻高贡献最大,判定准确率男89.2%,女90.0%。结论单变量推断颅骨性别以鼻高或颅骨最大长较为理想,但以颅周长、鼻高联合推断性别准确率更高。     

Sex assessment from carpals bones: discriminant function analysis in a contemporary Mexican sample

Sex assessment is one of the first essential steps in human identification, in both medico-legal cases and bio-archaeological contexts. Fragmentary human remains compromised by different types of burial or physical insults may frustrate the use of the traditional sex estimation methods, such as the analysis of the skull and pelvis. Currently, the application of discriminant functions to sex unidentified skeletal remains is steadily increasing. However, several studies have demonstrated that, due to variation in size and patterns of sexual dimorphism, discriminant functions are population-specific. In this study, in order to improve sex assessment from skeletal remains and to establish population-specific discriminant functions, the diagnostic values of the carpal bones were considered. A sample of 136 individuals (78 males, 58 females) of known sex and age was analyzed. They belong to a contemporary identified collection from the Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City). The age of the individuals ranged between 25 and 85 years. Between four and nine measurements of each carpal bone were taken. Independent t-tests confirm that all carpals are sexually dimorphic. Univariate measurements produce accuracy levels that range from 61.8% to 90.8%. Classification accuracies ranged between 81.3% and 92.3% in the multivariate stepwise discriminant analysis. In addition, intra- and inter-observer error tests were performed. These indicated that replication of measurements was satisfactory for the same observer over time and between observers. These results suggest that carpal bones can be used for assessing sex in both forensic and bio-archaeological identification procedures and that bone dimensions are population specific.     

Application of the discriminant analysis for the assessment of human somatotype using the long bones of extremities

Measurements were made on the basis of the osteological collection of the chair for anthropology, Moscow State University (70 cases), and on the basis of a series of skeletons (10 cases) from among burial places of the Novospassk Monastery (males aged above 18-20). Eleven sizes of Martin program (length, diaphysis circumference and epiphysis width) were fixed onto the humerus, radial, femoral and shin bones. Simultaneously, the development of the osseous relief elements in the above bones (a total of 18 signs in each skeleton) was evaluated by Fedosova program. The data was processed by SPSS. Discriminative analysis was used as a basis to work out a diagnostic model that can be used to determine a somatotype by the humerus, radial and femoral bones. The classification accuracy is 75%. The method should be applied in those cases, when the appropriate bones are available. If the available combination of bones is different from the above, the routine method is recommended for use, i.e. determination of a somatotype by the skeleton massiveness.     

Sex assessment from the carpals bones: discriminant function analysis in a 20th century Spanish sample

Sex assessment is one of the first essential steps in human identification, in both medico-legal cases and bio-archaeological contexts. Fragmentary human remains compromised by different types of inhumation or physical insults may frustrate the use of the traditional sex estimation methods, such as the analysis of the skull and pelvis. Currently, the application of discriminant functions to sex unidentified skeletal remains is steadily increasing. However, several studies have demonstrated that, due to variation in size and patterns of sexual dimorphism, discriminant function equations are population-specific [1,2,5,12,61]. In this study, in order to improve sex assessment from skeletal remains and to establish population-specific discriminant functions, the diagnostic values of the carpal bones were considered. A sample of 100 individuals (50 males and 50 females) of known sex and age was analyzed. They belong to a 20th century identified collection from the Municipal Cemetery of "San José", Granada (Spain) and housed in the Laboratory of Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada (Spain). The age of the individuals ranged between 22 and 85 years. Between four and nine measurements of each carpal bone were performed [41,59]. Discriminant function statistics showed a sex assessment accuracy as high as 97.8%. The results suggest that carpal bones can be used for assessing sex in both forensic and bio-archaeological identification procedures.     

Sex determination and estimation of stature from the long bones of the arm

The determination of sex and the estimation of stature from bones play an important role in identifying unknown bodies, parts of bodies or skeletal remains. In medico-legal practice statements on the probable sex of a decomposed body or part of a body are often expected even during autopsy. The present study was, therefore, restricted to few easily accessible dimensions from bones which were prepared only by mechanically removing soft tissues, tendons and ligaments. The specimens came from the Anatomical Institutes in Munich and Cologne from the years 1994-1998 including a total of 143 individuals (64 males and 79 females). The mean age was 79 years (46-108), the mean body height 161cm (134-189). The following measurements were taken: maximum humeral length (mean: 33.4cm in males; 30.7cm in females), vertical humeral head diameter (mean: 5.0cm in males, 4.4cm in females), humeral epicondylar width (mean: 6.6cm in males; 5.8cm in females), maximum ulnar length (mean: 26.5cm in males, 23.8cm in females), proximal ulnar width (mean: 3.4cm in males, 2.9cm in females), distal ulnar width (mean: 2.2cm in males; 1.8cm in females), maximum radial length (mean: 24.6cm in males; 22.0cm in females), radial head diameter (mean: 2.6cm in males, 2.2cm in females) and distal radial width (mean: 3.6cm in males; 3.2cm in females). The differences between the means in males and females were significant (P<0.0005). A discriminant analysis was carried out with good results. A percentage of 94.93% of cases were correctly classified when all measures of the radius were applied jointly, followed by humerus (93.15%) and ulna (90.58%). Applied singly, the humeral head diameter allowed the best distinction (90.41% correctly grouped cases), followed by the radial length (89.13%), the radial head diameter (88.57%) and the humeral epicondylar width (88.49%). The linear regression analysis for quantifying the correlation between the bone lengths and the stature led to unsatifactory results with large 95%-confidence intervals for the coefficients and high standard errors of estimate.     

Determination of length of human long bones of hands from their fragments

In cases of fragment/broken long bones, it becomes difficult to measure the length of bones for the purpose of calculation of total height (stature) of the individual with the help of magnification factors. An attempt has been made to devise a method of calculating the bones length from fragments on three long bones of the upper extremity.     

应用CT三维重组技术判定胸骨性别的研究

目的建立利用三维重组形态学指标判定胸骨性别来源的方法,并对其判定效果进行评价,考察虚拟骨骼的法医学应用价值。方法应用胸部螺旋CT扫描图像,通过多层面重组法获取胸骨的二维影像,结合容积再现技术得出的三维模型,分别测量胸骨的全长、柄长、体长、柄最大宽、体最大宽、柄最大厚、体最大厚、体上端厚等8项指标,并计算出3个比值指标;筛选出其中有性别差异的指标,建立性别判别方程并评价其判别效果。结果 11个指标的性别差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),但以胸骨全长、胸骨体长、体最大厚及柄最大宽的判别效果较好。所建方程组中,全指标、长度指标判别方程及逐步判别方程的判别率较高,88.6%的判定率与近期国外有关性别判定研究的报道结果基本一致。结论应用多层螺旋CT三维重组技术判定国人胸骨性别具有较高的可行性和准确性,该技术有望应用于胸骨年龄推断及其它虚拟骨骼的研究。     

Gender determination based on osteometric characteristics of the upper and lower extremities by discriminant analysis

The authors studied the osteological collection of the Chair of Antropology of the Moscow State University. The results of measurement of length of long tubular bones and articular parts of scapula and pelvis were statistically treated. The complex of discriminant models calculated by the Fisher's method is recommended for the sex identification. The diagnostic accuracy is 74 - 83.5% (separated bones) and 85.7 - 95.2% (complex of bones of upper and lower extremities).     

舌骨的法医人类学研究

目的建立利用舌骨形态测量值判别性别的方法,并探讨其在法医学应用中的价值。方法对于河北地区收集的108例舌骨样本(男78例,女30例)进行观察研究,确立11个观测指标并进行测量,测量值采用SPSS统计软件进行统计学分析,建立利用舌骨形态测量值判别性别的方程,并进行Fisher判别分析。结果在11项观察指标中,8项测量指标男女性别间存在显著性统计学差异(P<0.01);利用8项测量指标中的任一指标或之中的多个指标组合建立线性性别判别方程,方程判别性别的准确率在66%～92%,其中多指标的方程判别性别准确率较单一指标的方程高,最高达到92%。结论舌骨形态存在着性别差异,利用多个舌骨形态学测量值建立的性别判别方程准确率较高,可用于无名尸骨的性别判别。     

Determination of length of human upper limb long bones from their fragments

It is impossible to measure directly the length of fragmentary or broken long bones. It is in order to calculate the height (stature) of the individual, using magnification factors. An attempt has been made to devise a method of calculating the length from such fragments for the three long bones of the upper limb.     

掌骨骨折致伤方式法医学鉴定附27例分析

目的探讨掌骨骨折的形成机制,为掌骨骨折致伤方式的法医学推断提供参考。方法通过对27例致伤方式明确的掌骨骨折案例进行回顾性分析．对不同部位、性质的掌骨骨折结合其致伤方式进行损伤机制分析,并分类统计。结果诸掌骨中以第5掌骨骨折最为常见。就部位而言,又以基底部骨折最为常见,多见于间接暴力传导作用所致;其次为掌骨颈骨折．往往为纵向暴力作用所致。常见于攻击伤、撞击伤;掌骨头骨折常见于握拳时暴力直接打击所致;掌骨体横行或粉碎性骨折为直接暴力作用所致．斜形或螺旋形骨折多为旋转暴力作用所致。结论根据掌骨骨折的部位、性质,通过分析其骨折的形成机制,可以推断其致伤方式,从而为司法鉴定提供有力证据。