Introduction

Law and Philosophy -     

引言从一个著名案例看英美财产法的特色

我们从美国一桩有名的案例可见英美财产法特色之一斑.这个案例涉及美国历史上的两位特别著名的人物:一位是美国首任总统华盛顿,另一位是南北战争中的南方联盟叛军统帅罗伯特.李将军.案发地点是人所熟知的阿灵顿国家公墓.     

引言

信息公开,知情参与,非为舶来.华夏先贤不乏妙制宏篇.诸子百家议政,言路广开;商鞅南门立柱,号令分明;李悝刑书鼎铸,公示天下,俱为一时之选,开风气之先.及至始皇登极,焚书愚民,法藏官府,威亦难测.自此两千余年信息阻塞,流弊横生.其为祸也,殷鉴未远.     

Introduction

The eruption of the "culture wars" in 1989 pushed U.S. arts policy to the forefront of the public agenda, leading to extreme political scrutiny of and controversy over the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and its funding activities. As the premier national-level public agency charged with supporting the arts in the United States, the NEA stood at the heart of debates on related arts policy. With an empirical focus on the NEA in the 1990s, we delineate and examine the broader effects and implications of the surrounding debates and related policy outcomes. In general, in keeping with the conservative political agenda of the 1990s in the United States, the result was the development of policies ostensibly aimed at promoting access to the arts that demoted concerns over artistic excellence, along with direct attacks on the NEA's overall administrative philosophy and decision-making practices. Employing insights from critical theory and reflexive sociology, we analyze the dramatic organizational shifts and programmatic restructuring initiated by the NEA in response to this situation and its ultimate effect on the relationships between art, artist, and audience in U.S. arts policy and society today.     

Introduction

Institutional design, structure, and processes in the European Union (EU) provide a fertile ground for studying a new model of intergovernmental and supranational cultural policymaking. In this article, the author provides a map and an analytical compass to assist researchers and practitioners in navigating the EU cultural policy labyrinth. She offers insight into how transnational cultural policymaking occurs in the EU by tracing the Culture Programme through the agenda-setting, policy formulation, policy decision, and policy implementation stages of the policy process. The author concludes by introducing an emerging process of institutionalized cultural policy transfer that appears to be developing through systematic and incremental policy transfer, policy learning, and policy convergence.