气候变化的国际法发展:从温室效应理论到《联合国气候变化框架公约》

本文考察了温室效应理论对缔结《联合国气候变化框架公约》的决定性影响 ,并对《联合国气候变化框架公约》的基本法律原则 (规则 )及其对国际环境立法的贡献进行了述评。     

Culture Change in Three Taxation Administrations: From Command-and-Control to Responsive Regulation

Law and policy is one thing, but their implementation and administration is affected by organizational cultures. Meidinger has argued that knowledge of regulatory and organizational cultures assists understanding of how law and policy work in practice. This article examines three revenue administrations that are moving from a command-and-control style of regulation to a more persuasive and responsive style of regulation. The central argument is that there is a determining step in the process of clarification, reconciliation, responsiveness, and design of a tax system. That step is the extent to which organizational culture can be changed to embrace inclusive discussion and creative solutions to the administration of tax law and policy.     

金融领域的原则性监管方式

后金融危机时代,各国监管当局都面临着如何实现有效监管的挑战,金融监管方式作为提升金融监管质量的重要组成部分,对其进行相关的研究非常必要。近年来,与传统规则性监管方式相对应的原则性监管方式日益受到金融监管当局和学界的关注。文章基于对国外原则性监管理论和实践的分析,并结合我国金融市场环境,提出原则性监管尽管存在诸多问题,但是作为一种公私融合的监管治理方式,其在监管规范的制定、监管执行、监管文化重塑等三个层面上仍值得我国的金融监管当局吸收与借鉴。     

Therapist characteristics in the treatment of sexual offenders: Tentative data on their relationship with indices of behaviour change

The present study examined the relationship between reliably identified therapist characteristics and treatment-induced changes in sexual offender treatment programmes in English prisons. The results indicated that 10 therapist features predicted beneficial changes in coping skills, perspective-taking, and relationship difficulties. A confrontational style, on the other hand, was negatively related to increased competence in coping. The results are discussed in terms of their research and clinical implications.     

区块链技术在政府监管中的定位及法律规制——基于海关监管的视角

“区块链+”已经开始延伸到政府监管的应用场景,其有利于提升监管的整体效能。鉴于区块链技术在政府监管中的定位及法律规制问题的复杂性,海关监管是合适的样本。区块链背景下我国海关监管存在交易主体虚拟化、交易过程无纸化以及交易信息中心化的问题。为此,需要客观冷静看待区块链技术在海关监管中的定位,它不仅仅是海关监管过程中的技术增量,也是优化海关监管流程的重要推手,更能够孵化实现海关监管核心目标的创新措施,但也存在着双刃剑的负面效应,应通过确定多维宽容的规制理念、拓展行业协会与企业为规制主体以及鼓励适用柔性规制方法来构建我国区块链海关监管的法律规制体系。同时,我国必须秉承国际视野,把向国际社会提供一个完整的、带有普适性的区块链技术政府监管方案作为远期的重要目标。     

From Rai stones to Blockchains: The transformation of payments

Computer technology has dramatically changed the marketplace, including the way we make payments. Electronic access to funds expands liquidity and the relationships within payment networks allow strangers to build bridges of trust, increasing trade and human interaction. But electronic payment channels have also presented new challenges in security and privacy, including new forms of criminal behavior and tax avoidance for governments to address. This essay outlines some of the legal, social, and technological implications from this transformation of payments and assesses future challenges in the electronic payments frontier.     

《行政诉讼法》的大修与小改——关于《行政诉讼法》修改的思考

对《行政诉讼法》实施取得的成绩和存在的问题进行全面的总结和分析,可以发现,《行政诉讼法》既存在制度空白,也存在制度缺陷;既存在法内问题,也存在法外问题。主张修改时应当针对不同情况采取不同的修改策略。修改《行政诉讼法》时应当重点注意一些问题,特别是在立法目的上应当以规范行政诉讼行为为原始目的,其他皆属于派生性目的 ;在破解执行难问题上应当引入问责机制,通过问责突破执行难。     

Delinquent Behaviour,Psychosomatic Symptoms and the Idea of 'Healthy Delinquency'

This study examines the association between self-reported delinquent behaviour and psychosomatic symptoms in a nationally representative sample of 15-16-year old Finnish adolescents. Some theorists have suggested that psychosomatic symptoms are related to inability to break culturally given norms. If this is so, delinquents should have less symptoms than non-delinquents. To assess this idea, two hypotheses are formulated: delinquency is associated with decreased symptoms (the 'hydraulic' hypothesis), or delinquency is associated with increased symptoms (the 'stress' hypothesis). In support of the second hypothesis, the results indicate that delinquency and psychosomatic symptoms are positively associated. The effect of delinquency on symptoms is robust in the presence of a number of control variables. The findings are discussed i.a. from the point of view of increasing research interest in the positive effects of delinquency. While positive effects are likely to exist in specific contexts, delinquency as such does not lead to a reduction of psychosomatic symptoms.     

数据时代网络爬虫的内部管理型规制

网络爬虫作为数据时代一种被普遍应用的自动化数据收集技术,有着独特功能和价值。目前爬虫行为失范却对现有法律制度适用及网络空间秩序产生了严峻挑战,亟需在反思现有网络爬虫规范体系不足的基础上,引入内部管理型规制以回应网络爬虫规制的现实需求。基于网络爬虫的技术逻辑,内部管理型规制适用有行为限定、内容延展和效力涵摄面向,且功能多元。由于内部管理型规制兼有行政规制与自我规制的双重因素,因而可以上述两种规制方式为基点,对网络爬虫内部管理型规制进行横向和纵向的体系化构建。横向体系化构建应明确所涉主体形态、权义结构和责任内容;而纵向体系化构建应包括标准制定、组织建制、守法监督和执行反馈。     

网络服务合同中不平等条款的类型及其法律规制——以虚拟财产权的保护为视角

网络服务合同是确立网络运营商与用户双方权利义务的协议,是用户行使及保护其虚拟财产权的重要依托。实务中由于网络服务合同缺乏完善的法律规范,导致其中存在大量不公平的争议条款,当法律纠纷出现时,严重不利于用户对其虚拟财产权的保护与行使。如何在法律上对网络服务合同进行规制以及在司法实践中如何认定部分争议类型条款的有效性将是保护网络虚拟财产的重中之重。正基于此,在分析网络服务合同与虚拟财产权保护的主要矛盾,探讨网络服务合同中部分争议类型条款之后,对网络服务合同的法律规范提出相关建议。     

政府对新闻自由管制标准管窥

新闻自由与政府管制是一对矛盾的统一体 ,没有政府管制的新闻自由会导致对公共利益和私人利益的侵害 ;没有新闻自由的政府管制会导致专制与独裁。对新闻自由的管制 ,最重要的是确定管制标准。美国的新闻自由管制标准主要有“明显且即刻危险原则”和“逐案权衡原则”。我国宜在区分“公言论”与“私言论”的基础上 ,分别借鉴“明显且即刻危险原则”和“逐案权衡原则”确立对新闻自由管制的标准。     

数据安全认证:个人信息保护的第三方规制

契合放管服改革理念的数据安全认证,在数字时代整个规制法体系中必将占据日益重要的地位。数据安全认证通过声誉评价机制,可以引导、激励互联网企业守法合规经营,可以增强用户对中小微互联网企业和新兴数字产业的信任感,可以避免一刀切的政府规制,可以满足社会公众多元的数据安全需求。数据安全认证机构应具有高度的独立性与专业性,防止其被互联网企业俘获或成为政府的附庸。宜实行自愿为主、强制为辅的数据安全认证模式。认证程序应强调公正透明性,认证标准应注重评价企业数据合规的制度建设。根据过错责任原则,分别设置数据安全认证机构相应的赔偿责任或连带责任,并加大对数据安全认证违法行为的公法责任追究。科学构建法治化的数据安全认证体制机制,不仅是保障数据安全的现实需要,而且是弥补数字时代政府规制缺陷的迫切需求。     

从第三部门组织到行政诉讼被告——社会公务的司法监督路径

第三部门组织是具有组织性、非政府性、非营利性、公务性的社会公共服务组织,具有行政主体资格。由于行政主体资格对于行政诉讼被告资格的确立具有相当的意义,第三部门组织在运用权力组织公务时也因此获得行政诉讼被告资格。而对于个案而言,被告的最终确立还有赖于形式与实质相结合的规则与推定规则,同时运用司法权衡来判定。     

电子取证的法律规制

电子取证在世界范围内得到了日益广泛的运用,同时也引发了一系列的法律问题。本文从电子取证的基本含义切入,采取交叉研究的方法,指出我国的电子取证实务应当遵循一个抽象的司法程序模型。在此基础上,本文阐述了我国的电子取证在规制方式、规制原则与规制内容等方面遭遇的法律挑战,并逐一深入地论证了亟待采取的法律因应措施。     

论情事变更

情事变更现行法律制度,作为一种法律曾在《合同法草案》第四稿第76条第一款中对该原则规定了假定、行为模式和法律后果三个要素。在学理上,它是作为合同变更或解除的事由之一。     

大数据时代网络谣言的合作规制

大数据时代对网络谣言的规制,既是机遇也是挑战。谣言借助网络的手段,无论是传播的方式、手段以及谣言的表现形式都会发生巨大而又深刻的变化。针对网络谣言规制已形成道德规制、法律规制、技术规制三种模式,但各有优劣,应当引入合作规制理念。在网络谣言规制主体上除了政府,还应强化网络服务商的监管责任,依靠其他社会组织,动员社会广泛参与,进行合作治理。在网络谣言治理方式的选择上,采取多元的治理方式,要坚持法治手段为底线,道德熏陶为引导、网络技术手段为保障的整合方式,从而形成制度合力来应对网络谣言。     

An Empirical Test of the Behaviour Analysis Interview

The present experiment is the first empirical test of the Behaviour Analysis Interview (BAI), an interview technique developed by F. E. Inbau, J. E. Reid, J. P. Buckley, & B. C. Jayne (2001) designed to evoke different verbal and non-verbal responses from liars and truth-tellers. Inbau et al. expect liars to be less helpful than truth-tellers in investigations and to exhibit more nervous behaviours. Just the opposite predictions, however, follow from the deception literature, which notes that liars take their credibility less for granted and are therefore more aware of their responses and their impact on others. This suggests that liars' answers should be more helpful than truth-tellers' answers, and liars' non-verbal responses should appear more relaxed than truth-tellers' non-verbal responses. In the present experiment, 40 participants (undergraduate students) lied or told the truth about an event during a BAI interview. The interviews were coded according to Inbau et al.'s guidelines. The results showed that, compared to liars, truth-tellers (a) were more naive and evasive when explaining the purpose of the interview, and (b) were less likely to name someone who they felt certain did not commit the crime. Truth-tellers also exhibited more nervous behaviours. The results were consistent with the predictions of the deception literature, and directly opposed to the predictions of BAI.     

论计算机搜查的法律规制

计算机搜查是当前司法实践中一种全新的取证措施,在世界范围内得到了日益广泛的运用,同时也引发了一系列的法律障碍。本文从计算机搜查的基本含义切入,采取比较研究的方法,指出我国实务中计算机搜查应当实现由一步式向两步式的根本性转变。在此基础上,本文阐述了我国的计算机搜查在应否申请令状、如何确定搜查范围以及维护案外人的合法权益、借助第三方的协助等方面遭遇的法律问题,并深入地论证了亟待确立的有关法律规则。     

Charities and Political Campaigning: The Impact of Risk-Based Regulation

This article examines the effects of the Charity Commission’s implementation of risk-based regulation on the political campaigning activities of charities. In doing so, it draws on the findings of a recent empirical study which explored charity representatives’ awareness of relevant law and regulation and their perceptions of the obstacles they faced in their campaigning work. The article begins with a brief exploration of the emergence of risk-based approaches to regulation, followed by consideration of the legal and regulatory requirements for risk management by charities. Moving to its main focus of political campaigning, the article notes the unique legal issues faced by charities in campaigning work. It provides a comparative evaluation of the 2004 and 2008 versions of Charity Commission guidance CC9 on campaigning and political activity by charities (CC9) in terms of their approach to legal compliance, their formulation of the specific risks of campaigning and their approach to the process of risk management itself. In addition, the article considers the relevance to campaigning activity of the Commission’s current plans for an ‘enhanced approach’ to risk in its compliance work. The article concludes by considering the potential impacts on charitable campaigning of both the Commission’s overall approach to campaigning and its perceived risks, and of further entrenchment of risk principles in charity regulation.

国家与社会关系变迁的公法回应

法律根植于社会,社会变迁与公法的发展紧密相连,社会变迁在制度、观念和应用等层面影响着公法的发展,公法对社会变迁具有推动作用。中国正在经历从政治国家一元社会向政治国家与市民社会并存的二元社会的变迁,这种变迁需具备建立市场经济和确立正确的政府理念两大要素,对中国经济社会发展具有积极意义。与之相适应,中国公法应当在制度层面、观念层面和方法层面对这种变迁作出回应。