论著作权法与公共利益

著作权法与公共利益存在着密切的关系 ,这是因为著作权法具有重要的公共利益目标。著作权法需要确保公共利益 ,这在长期的著作权立法和司法实践中已经被不断地得到确认。总体上 ,著作权法中的公共利益表现为确保社会公众对智力作品的必要接近与分享。著作权法通过对公共利益的确保 ,在保护著作权人专有权利的基础之上更好地实现了其立法宗旨。     

Whistleblowers, the Public Interest, and the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998

Corporate crime and organisational deviance raise complex legal issues. An initial problem lies simply in identifying when such wrongdoing has occurred. Here, whistleblowers can perform a valuable service. However, publicized cases suggest that they often pay dearly for their candour, encountering unfair sanctions at work. In Britain, the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 seeks to protect good-faith whistleblowers from employer reprisals. In the wake of this legislation, the authors examine whistleblowing from a socio-legal perspective, asking what motivates whistleblowers, how do institutions respond to them, can legislation adequately protect them, and what effects will PIDA have on whistleblowing, employment practices, the culture of the workplace and, ultimately, society.     

Financing Services of General Interest in the EU: How do Public Procurement and State Aids Interact to Demarcate between Market Forces and Protection?

Abstract:  The present article reveals the interplay between public procurement and state financing of public services within the regulatory régime of state aids. The symbiotic flexibility embedded in the regime of regulating the award of public contracts which permits the introduction of public policy considerations in dispersing public services is established. This finding removes the often-misunderstood justification of public procurement as an economic exercise, and places its regulation in the centre of an ordo-liberal interpretation of the European integration process. The significance of public procurement for the financing of services of general interest is verified through an asymmetric geometry analysis. The article concludes that the public procurement framework will be relied upon for two main purposes: first to insert competitiveness within the public sector and market forces in the provision of services of general interest and secondly, to be used by the European judiciary and the European Commission as a system to verify conceptual links, create compatibility safeguards and authenticate established principles applicable in state aid regulation.     

Bodies of Law: the Divine Architect,Common Law and the Ancient Constitution

This article addresses the architecture of the four Inns of Court inLondon as repositories for the body of law (corpus iuris). Thebuildings are perceived as visual representations of the unwrittenconstitution; evidence that the sign, not the text, remains thepredominant form through which the constitution manifests its content.It is in this context that the self-governing Inns are interpreted asmicrocosms of the City of God, envisaged by Saint Augustine andprefigured in ancient Greece by the Republic of Plato. The Innssynthesise these classical and Christian precepts; thereby creatinga unique commonwealth whose Utopian ideals are based on the applicationof Justitia, or righteousness: an ethical rather than alegal concept which underpins the English constitution. The argumentproposes a correlation between architectural development at the Inns andthe challenge posed to the institutional authority of the law by the newlearning of the Renaissance. It is the semiotics of legal architecturerather than its historical provenance which is central to my analysis. Iattempt to comprehend the effect of the influences outlined above on theform and content of the common law, the legal institution and theancient constitution.     

知识产权法与公共利益探微

知识产权法与公共利益存在密切关系 ,因为知识产权法具有重要的公共利益目标。在知识产权的专门法律如著作权法、专利法、商标法以及商业秘密法中 ,都存在重要的公共利益。总体上 ,知识产权法中的公共利益表现为确保社会公众对知识和信息的必要接近与分享。知识产权法通过对公共利益的确保 ,在保护知识产权人专有权利的基础上更好地实现了其立法宗旨     

Negligence, Public Bodies, and Ruthlessness

The Law Commission has concluded in a recent consultation paper ('Administrative Redress') that claimants are able to sue public bodies successfully in negligence in an unacceptably wide range of circumstances. For this reason, it has proposed the introduction of a new touchstone of liability: 'serious fault'. The Law Commission regards the liability regime it proposes as superior to the existing law since it would reduce the number of occasions on which claimants deflect public bodies from their core concerns (delivering goods and services that serve the public interest). The Law Commission also finds support for its proposal in a 'principle of modified corrective justice'. On the analysis offered in this essay, the requirement of 'serious fault' is better understood as strengthening a commitment to ruthlessness (in the sense specified by Thomas Nagel) that is present in the existing law. This essay also argues for a reform of negligence law (as it applies to public bodies) that is very different from that proposed by the Law Commission. This is the application of the proportionality principle at the third stage of the duty of care test in Caparo Industries plc v Dickman . More generally, this essay criticises the Law Commission on the ground that it assumes that public bodies have sufficient information to perform a wide range of tasks effectively. This is often not the case. Moreover, negligence law in its existing form is a (non-market) discovery-procedure by means of which public bodies can, when defending novel claims, become better acquainted with the environment in which they operate.     

著作权法中“合理使用”与公共利益研究

一般认为著作权法是私法,以保障著作权人的利益为归依.然而,随着网络时代著作权人专有权的不断扩张,作为限制著作权人权利的合理使用制度越来受到重视.一方面,合理使用制度保障了公众对作品的接近、增进了知识和学习、促进了民主文化;另一方面,公共利益又是判定某一使用作品的行为是否为合理使用的重要指标.从公共利益视角审视合理使用制度,分析两者之间的关系,具有重要的学术意义和实践价值.     

税法理论热点问题探寻

目前国内有些学者根据外国的税收体制,用西方或欧美国家学者的思路和方法,比对传统的中国税法理论进行研究,希望对传统的中国税法理论有所突破与创新,这种出发点值得肯定。但在探讨问题时应当以辩证的历史的唯物观点,结合中国不同历史时期或国家不同发展阶段的经济发展目标与任务、税收政策、体制等实际情况进行研究,以便为中国的税收体制的逐步完善,税收立法、实施或执法、司法实践等提供理论支撑。脱离实际的理论研究会失去研究价值。目前在税法理论研究方面,对于有些理论热点问题,学术界持有不同的见解。     

公共利益：一个需要界定的行政法原则

公共利益,作为一个行政法的基本原则,其特定的法律内涵有两个方面的层次,一个是相对于个体利而言所具有的内容,即机会均等、公平竞争、资源共享和社会福利;另一个是功能性内容,即通过行政管理调节利的再分配。与此相应,公共利益应当具有以例举式与概括式相结合为特点的法律形式和通过一定条件下的“博弈”程获得实现的方式。     

贸易救济法公共利益条款探析

贸易救济法主旨是消除不公平贸易行为,在贸易救济行为中,为了合法合理的保护国内产业,很多WTO成员方在国内立法中规定了公共利益条款,补充和监督救济行为。但是由于公共利益概念不确定性,致使主管机关具有广泛的自由裁量权,同时司法审查对公共利益的监督也极其有限,因此,针对贸易救济法中的公共利益条款,可以通过多边的协调,确立指引成员方调查的原则。     

欧盟反倾销法中的公共利益问题研究

反倾销措施涉及多方利益,随着世界各国使用反倾销频率和范围的增加,以公共利益原则来平衡各方利益甚至国与国之间的经贸关系,愈来愈受到重视。本文以欧盟在公共利益问题上的法律实践为基础进行评析,以期对我国的反倾销实践有所裨益。     

欧盟公共采购法采购主体制度述评

欧盟公共采购法的采购主体制度是欧盟内部市场制度深入发展的结果,主体的市场化程度是判定其是否应纳入公共采购法规范的主要标准。同时,尽管欧盟公共采购法体现出高度的开放性特点,但这种开放仅是针对欧盟成员国的相对的开放,欧盟的对外政策仍具有突出的贸易保护特色,这是欧盟公共采购法与真正的政府采购国际法规范的一个本质区别.     

美国个人提起公益诉讼的程序和制度保障

个人参与公益执法是美国公益诉讼制度的一大特色。美国的法院具有解决政治问题、社会问题的诉讼职能,《行政程序法》、民事诉讼规则以及制定法对个人进行公益执法的法律授权和程序规定,又为个人提起公益诉讼提供了法律依据。美国民事诉讼法律援助制度的建立,公益诉讼案件中律师费用转移制度的设立,以及行政机关对个人进行公益执法提供的援助又为个人提起公益诉讼提供了制度保障。     

Public‐Private Arbitration and the Public Interest under English Law

Together with the increase in the number of public‐private contracts, recent years have seen a marked proliferation in public‐private arbitrations. This article explores the public interest implications which may arise in such arbitrations and examines how public‐private arbitration is treated under English law. We argue that, due to the lack of a developed administrative law sphere in England and the historical development of arbitration as an exclusively private mode of dispute resolution, the current legal framework of arbitration in England has developed around the private law paradigm of a commercial dispute involving private actors. This private law paradigm results in a conceptual and legal void in respect of how public interest is accounted for, and protected, in arbitrations involving public bodies under English law. Therefore, we suggest that English arbitration law needs to be amended to adequately protect the private interest in public‐private arbitration.     

文化遗产权利的公益透视

对于公共利益的探讨成了时下学界关注的热点问题,但鲜有学者研究文化遗产权。试用热点问题的内容来讨论冷门话题,首先,对文化遗产及文化遗产权作了一大致介绍;其次,梳理了一下与文化遗产权有关的公共利益理论,并用现有的公益理论、从公共利益层面来解析文化遗产权,探讨其公权属性;最后,简单谈了一下公益冲突理论对于文化遗产权保护的启示。     

From Public Interest to Private Rights: Free Speech, Liberal Individualism, and the Making of Modern Tort Law

Drawing on John Witt's 2007 book , Patriots and Cosmopolitans: Hidden Histories of American Law, this essay explores the role of the interwar civil liberties movement in rehabilitating the discourse of rights and privatizing the American welfare state. In the years after World War I, most proponents of free speech were hostile to Lochner- era legalism and preferred to pursue civil liberties through legislative and regulatory measures as a means of advancing the public interest. By the onset of World War II, however, they had instead adopted a court-centered strategy that emphasized individual autonomy. The popular and political resonance of their new state-skeptical vocabulary suggests that post-New Deal liberalism in America was a hybrid of classical and Progressive approaches.     

计算法学:展开维度、发展趋向与视域前瞻

在大数据时代的开放结构中,计算法学延伸了实证法学研究的知性体系和学科范畴,使法学研究迈向了更为纵深、更为宽广的畛域。计算法学在方法论上的基本立场深嵌于法学与社会科学的交叉研究范式中,如司法政治学、法社会学、犯罪学等。在计算法学方兴未艾之际,对这些学科研究主题及其理念分殊进行梳理和总结也就尤有意义。从既有的域外研究成果来看,计算法学研究的方法运用逐渐趋向科学成熟,研究视域不断拓宽,数据驱动与算法驱动多维推进,研究模式呈现出跨学科合作趋向。计算法学研究虽然在中国尚处于起步阶段,但是法律实务界和各大高校追摹大数据前沿的脚步从未停歇,计算法学在中国未来的发展也是可期可盼的。     

对修改后的《民事诉讼法》中公益诉讼制度的理解

本次修改民事诉讼法建立公益诉讼制度,主要是为了解决以下问题：一是随着环境污染、消费者权益保护等涉及社会公共利益问题日益突出,社会各界呼吁建立公益诉讼制度,而现行《民事诉讼法》第108条对原告主体资格限定为与本案有直接利害关系的公民、法人和其他组织,人民法院受理公益诉讼存在法律障碍;二是部分实体法对原告主体资格作出扩张性规定,如《海洋环境保护法》第90条规定海洋监督管理部门可以代表国家对责任者提起损害赔偿诉讼,但程序法规定的缺失,导致诉讼救济渠道不畅、法律保护不力,且存在着法律之间不够协调等问题。但是,基于我国国情,目前立法不宜走得过急,而应先集中解决制约公益诉讼开展的起诉条件问题,即设定公益诉讼的案件范围和确定提起公益诉讼的主体资格。至于公益诉讼的其他问题,留待以后总结经验后再逐步作出规定。