妨害货币管理犯罪若干问题研究

一、妨害货币管理犯罪的对象 货币犯罪侵犯的对象，毋庸置疑是货币。但是货币的外延有多大，除了本国货币外是否包括外国货币；除了公认的纸币和硬币外，是否还包括其他形式货币，各国和地区规定并不完全相同。 (一)外国货币 关于外国货币，综观现今世界各国和地区的刑事法律，大多数国家和地区都把其列为本……     

知情同意原则下医疗过失损害赔偿责任的几个问题--从一起患者知情同意纠纷案说起

知情同意原则所保护的客体是自我决定权.知情同意原则下的损害赔偿责任不同于医疗事故损害赔偿责任.二者不能互相否认.医方违反知情同意原则的责任是一种侵权损害赔偿责任.该责任的构成要件可包括(1)医师存在法定的告知义务;(2)医师未能将对患者的决定产生实质性影响的风险/信息告知患者;(3)在告知不充分的情况下,患者由于选择了当前的治疗方案而受到伤害;(4)医师的义务违反与患者的伤害之间存在因果关系.其中,告知义务是否充分的判断应以处于同样情境的一个理性患者所需作为主要的标准;对信息"实质性"的判定应看一个与患者处于同一位置的合理审慎之人在决定是否对所建议的治疗做出同意时会对某一事实赋加重要性或将该事实作为一"决定性"影响因素加以考虑;在因果关系存无的认定上,则要考虑若患者被充分告知实情他是否会做出不同的选择决定.     

知情同意原则下医疗过失损害赔偿责任的几个问题--从一起患者知情同意纠纷案说起

知情同意原则所保护的客体是自我决定权。知情同意原则下的损害赔偿责任不同于医疗事故损害赔偿责任。二者不能互相否认。医方违反知情同意原则的责任是一种侵权损害赔偿责任。该责任的构成要件可包括：(1)医师存在法定的告知义务；(2)医师未能将对患者的决定产生实质性影响的风险／信息告知患者；(3)在告知不充分的情况下，患者由于选择了当前的治疗方案而受到伤害；(4)医师的义务违反与患者的伤害之间存在因果关系。其中，告知义务是否充分的判断应以处于同样情境的一个理性患者所需作为主要的标准；对信息“实质性”的判定应看一个与患者处于同一位置的合理审慎之人在决定是否对所建议的治疗做出同意时会对某一事实赋加重要性或将该事实作为一“决定性”影响因素加以考虑；在因果关系存无的认定上，则要考虑若患者被充分告知实情他是否会做出不同的选择决定。     

Physician participation in Medicaid: background and issues

Most Americans gain entry into the medical care system through office-based primary care physicians. The Medicaid program was created in 1965 in part to increase the access of low-income people to medical services in that mainstream. But, over the years, office-based physicians have reduced their treatment of Medicaid patients, and many have withdrawn from the program altogether. The result is not only that the original programmatic goal has not been fully achieved, but also that the costs of the program are higher than they would be otherwise. In this article, the importance of Medicaid participation by office-based primary care physicians is described, and a number of obstacles to their participation are identified. The obstacles include state policies regarding eligibility, coverage, and provider compensation. The article recommends actions pertaining to these policies that might increase participation.     

Recombinant DNA research: actions under the guidelines--NIH. Notice of actions under NIH guidelines for research involving recombinant DNA molecules

This notice sets forth actions taken by the Director, National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases (NIAID), by authority of the Director. NIH, under the June 1983 NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules (48 FR 24556).