The determination of the distance of a shot from a smooth-bore weapon based on the damages from the action of the wad containers

Experimental shots from a No. 16 calibre single-barrelled gun using commercial cartridges in the plastic cartridge cases supplied by wad containers with Nos. 1 and 2 shots revealed that lesions that had typical morphologic structure which were characteristic of wad container action were produced at close distances (less than 2 meters). Therefore preliminary experimental shots are necessary before making concrete decisions on characteristic features of an injuring projectile and shot distance.     

关于测谎结论能否作为证据的展望

本文通过对测谎实践现状的分析,提出了完善测谎技术的几点想法,重点阐述了建立测谎指挥系统的思路,进而提出了关于测谎结论在时机成熟时可以作为证据使用的展望。     

Estimation of the quantity of a drug in a consignment from measurements on a sample

A consignment of individual packages is thought to contain illegal material, such as drugs, in some or all of the packages. A sample from the consignment is inspected and the quantity of drugs in each package of the sample is measured. It is desired to estimate the total quantity of drugs in the consignment. Sampling variation is present in the original measurements and it is not sufficient just to adjust the sample mean pro rata. An analysis is described which takes account of the uncertainty concerning the proportion of the packages that contain drugs and provides a probabilistic summary of the quantity of drugs in the consignment. In particular, a probabilistic lower bound for the quantity of drugs in the consignment is given, which is dependent on the required standard of proof. This is in contrast to the approach based on confidence intervals which assumes that in the long run, the interval will contain the correct quantity the appropriate proportion of the time, but gives no measure of uncertainty associated with the particular consignment under consideration.     

合同成立与生效区分的再探讨

作者考察了各主要国家民法对合同成立与生效区分的态度及其成因,认为法律对这一区分的态度受到合意在交易中的地位、意思主义与表示主义、法律对法律行为本质的认识等因素的影响,并探讨了合同成立与生效区分的意义、合同的不成立与被撤销之间的关系等内容.在此基础上,揭示了我国《合同法》区分合同成立与生效的法理基础及《合同法》相关规定的不足之处.     

Extraction of the relevant population from a forensic database

Evaluation of forensic evidence using Bayesian statistics requires the formulation of hypotheses. Many hypotheses, especially those presenting the defence viewpoint imply that traces can be attributed to an arbitrary member of a relevant population. The exact items or persons that comprise the relevant population may vary from case to case. Therefore, the statistical evaluation of evidential value based on databases cannot make use of a fixed set of items or persons. In the current paper, methodology is presented to filter the contents of a database such that only items that are considered relevant are selected. Six scenarios, including those related to fibre, textile, and glass evidence are described, together with the hypotheses and relevant populations that may be evaluated by an expert. In addition, we show how items representing the defined relevant population can be extracted from a database using SQL code. Images of the items in the (filtered) relevant population provide an overview of the selected items and hence direct feedback to the examiner. In this way, erroneous codes or unwanted side effects can be identified and corrected. It is concluded that the filtering procedure is effective in cases where the relevant population is demarcated accurately.     

涉案地下赌场研究

地下赌场，无论其本身涉及的赌博危害，还是由此引发的其他刑事犯罪，都严重影响社会安定，妨害社会的改革稳定发展。关于赌场的概念，法律及司法解释中并未有专门的定义。有人认为赌场是专门从事赌博活动的场所，吸引大量不特定的赌徒在其中进行赌博。。笔者由此概念启发，认为赌场是专门从事赌博活动，吸引不特定数量的赌徒在其中赌博，     

法理学视野中的法官自由裁量权

法官自由裁量权的定位是司法改革中的重要问题。作者从法理学的角度对法官的自由裁量权进行了较全面的探讨。文章首先分析了法官自由裁量权的内涵 ,基于此 ,作者接着从哲学、法学和实践的角度对法官自由裁量权进行了考察 ,并对自由裁量权的存在根基进行了分析 ,最后就如何缓解法官自由裁量权中个性化的涉入提出了建设性的意见。     

从权力本位向权利本位转变——略论树立新的劳动教养执法理念

在今年初召开的江苏省劳教工作会议上，省劳教局党委提出了要树立新的安全稳定观、新的教育矫治理念和新的执法理念，以“新三观”为指导，推动劳教工作在新的起点上又好又快发展的要求，并阐述了“新三观”的具体内涵。其中，树立新的执法理念，就是要以社会主义法治理念为指导，以和谐矫治环境、和谐矫治关系为基础，以规范管理和矫治权力为重点，     

从一起爆炸案件看刑事证据的运用--兼谈刑事诉讼证明标准

一、案情介绍1997年 2月 7日 (农历正月初二 )犯罪嫌疑人李某及其哥哥因其小孩与本村新婚妇女王某嬉闹 ,同前来制止的本村村民张某、刘某 (女 )发生口角 ,继而撕打。殴斗中 ,张某头部被砸伤 (后经鉴定属轻微伤 )。张被送往医院后 ,犯罪嫌疑人李某之父多次去医院看望张某 ,向其赔礼道歉。张某出院时 ,李家结清了全部的医疗费。之后两天 ,李父多次主动找人调解此事 ,未果。同年 2月 9日 ,刘某提出让犯罪嫌疑人李某兄弟二人当晚到其家中下跪 ,未如愿。刘即于次日早八时许 ,纠集张某家及她娘家多人闯入犯罪嫌疑人李某家中叫骂 ,时间长达约两个小…     

行政法概念新论

行政法概念是我们认识行政法的基础,是构建我国行政法体系的前提条件。然而关于行政法概念的争论由来已久,至今仍无定论。而综观各种行政法概念,皆存有众多缺陷,究其原因,即对概念本身并不掌握,致使对行政法概念的认识总是不能周延把握。而本文即试从概念本身入手,导引出对行政法概念的新的认识,希冀对行政法的进一步完善发展贡献一点微薄之力。     

Determination of sex from the metacarpals in a Thai population

Determination of sex using metacarpals was carried out on a sample of 249 skeletons from a Thai population (154 males and 95 females), ranging in age from 19 to 93 years. Six measurements were taken on each metacarpal, namely maximum length, medio-lateral base width, antero-posterior base height, medio-lateral head width, antero-posterior head height and mid-shaft diameter. Binary logistic regression equations were calculated for determining sex from these measurements. All metacarpals from both sides produced at least one equation that correctly allocated the skeletons with 80% or greater accuracy. In a comparative test using only individuals with no missing measurements (n=196), the most accurate equations for each metacarpal on the right side had pooled allocation accuracies ranging from 85.2% to 89.3%, with the best equation based on three measurements from the 5th metacarpal. On the left side, the most accurate equations for each metacarpal ranged from 83.2% to 89.8% correct allocation, with the best equation based on three measurements of the 2nd metacarpal. When the allocation accuracy for each sex is considered in addition to the pooled accuracy, the best equations involve the same three measurements of the 5th metacarpal on the right side, but shift to three measurements of the first metacarpal on the left side, with a pooled accuracy of 88.3%. The results of this study suggest that metacarpals can be used quite reliably for sexing in forensic contexts in Thailand.