作为实践理性的法律

理性是法理学的永恒主题。现代法理学的理性话语经历了从“理性法”向“法律理性”的转向,这实际上是法理学从理论理性向实践理性的转向。法律与实践理性的关系体现为“法律是实践理性的体现”、“法律是行为的正当理由”、“法律是实践性信息”等命题。同时,作为实践理性的法律也具有客观性,其客观性基础在于实践商谈。     

A Discourse-Theoretical Conception of Practical Reason*

Abstract
Contemporary discussions about practical reason or practical rationality invoke four competing views which can be named as follows by reference to their historical models: Aristotelian, Hobbesian, Kantian and Nietzschean. The subject-matter of this article is a defence of the Kantian conception of practical rationality in the interpretation of discourse theory. At the heart, lies the justification and the application of the rules of discourse. An argument consisting of three parts is pre sented to justify the rules of discourse. The three parts are as follows: a transcen dental-pragmatic argument; an argument which takes account of the maximisation of individual utility and an empirical premise about an interest in correctness. Within the framework of the problem of application, the article outlines a justification of human rights and of the basic institutions of the democratic constitutional state on the basis of discourse theory.     

Solidarity as a Practical Reason: Grounding the Authority of International Law

Netherlands International Law Review - This article discusses the concept and the principle of solidarity in international law. It is often argued that solidarity is a(n) (emerging) principle of...     

Natural Law: Practical Reason and Creative Information

With nine main theses that are interspersed with each other, this paper explores and articulates some of the most important questions in natural law theory. The theses include: I. In investigating facts, one finds reasons to choose an honest self-discipline; II. Deliberating, one finds reasons similarly directing one to other intrinsic goods; III. Taken integrally, these goods and principles acquire the force of moral precepts; IV. Those precepts, natural moral law, depict our nature (humanity) in its flourishing; V. Nature and natures are best explained by free, intelligent transcendent creation; VI. Creation and other gifts past and present deserve our gratitude; VII. Natural moral law and historical revelation are two channels of information; VIII. Secular and spiritual communities are distinct and respectfully self-governing; IX. Natural moral law defines human rights but rightfully extends beyond them.     

法律与作为西方理性精神核心的数学理性

数学理性是西方理性精神的核心。在西方文化史上 ,数学曾经既具有技术层面的应用性功能 ,也具有思想意识层面的解释性功能。数学对西方法律文化有着巨大的影响 ,西方法律文化体现了大量的数学理念 ,这些数学理念直接影响了法律的内容 ,使西方法律文化别具特色。罪刑法定等重要法律原则的提出就与数学理念有关。     

依法行政的合法化逻辑及其现实情境

在过去三十年的行政法制变革中,"依法行政"逐步成为学界和实务界关于行政法治建设目标和手段的共识。在行政法治语境中,依法行政所蕴含行政合法化逻辑,本质上是通过要求行政活动符合法律,使行政获得形式"合法律性";进一步,由于法律具有民主正当性,符合法律的行政便在这个意义上得到了政治意义上的合法化。但是,由于"法"的多样化和行政的政治化,依法行政逻辑所需要的前提条件已很难得到满足,这导致其在当代行政的现实情境中面临合法化能力的匮乏。因此,需要通过拓展依法行政的合法化逻辑,引入"通过理性的合法化"模式和"通过参与的合法化"模式,以构建一种"复合的行政合法化框架",将依法行政、科学行政、民主行政相统一,从形式和实质维度拓展行政的合法化资源。     

The Permissive Law of Practical Reason in Kant's Metaphysics of Morals

Law and Philosophy -     

作为超法规违法阻却事由的习惯法--刑法视域下习惯法违法性判断机能之开辟

习惯法在刑法领域中,具有贯穿刑事立法与刑事司法之"横截式"作用与机能.本文的理论目标正在于,开辟和释放习惯法在违法性判断阶段之重要功能.在作者看来,习惯法完全可以作为超法规的违法阻却事由发挥作用,法官可以习惯法上之正当性,排除行为之实质违法性.这不但不与罪刑法定原则相违背,而且有利于保障被告人人权;不仅有利于以收缩的实质理性对抗扩张的形式理性,而且也应合了"社会相当性理论"和"社会危害性理论"--这一违法阻却事由的一般基础和实质违法性判断之根本标准.甚至,习惯法的引入,还将有力地深化和拓展我们对于"社会相当性"与"社会危害性"这一范畴的横向理解和空间理解.     

Legal System and Practical Reason. On the Structure of a Normative Theory of Law*

Abstract
It will be argued, firstly, that there is a link between the legal validity of a norm and the rational justifiability of a requirement that judges should apply this norm, based on a normative conception of legal validity and the postulate that judges should act as rational persons; secondly, that rational justifiability of legal norms requires the construction of a legal system in a model of principles that differs from theories, e.g., of Kelsen, Hart, Dworkin and Alexy, which are not fully adequate for a normative conception of law.     

论作为社会保障法基础的社会连带

社会连带是社会保障法的基础,它不仅作为一种观念已渗透进社会保障法的合作互助理念和社会权理念;而且,它也作为一种原则体现于法律文件的明确规定和具体制度构建中。不同的社会保障法律制度类型依托不同的社会连带结构,蕴涵不同的社会连带精神。随着社会的演进,社会连带的性质、结构已经或正在发生转型,这也会相应地促进社会保障法的变迁。     

论刑法理性

本文从刑法的实体规范和运作过程相互结合的角度,提出了刑法理性的概念,强调刑法理性贯彻刑法立法和司法的全过程,是保证刑法合理性的基本原则。刑法的目的性、合理性、节制性构成了刑法理性的基本内涵。     

牢固树立执法为民的理念

执法为民理念是社会主义法治理念的重要组成部分,它要求执法机关在执法工作中必须以邓小平理论和"三个代表"重要思想为指导,贯彻落实科学发展观,以保护人民利益为根本宗旨,以公正实施法律为首要标准,做到保护人民利益与维护法律权威的高度统一。     

论作为国际经济法体制结构性基础的公民社会

古典自由主义的方法论个人主义是一种真个人主义,它强调个人的理性不及与公民社会传统的秩序支撑。古典自由主义主张有限政府,反对干预主义,强调多边主义只是一种补充保障,自由国际经济法秩序必须从国内市场经济、单边自由贸易及其制度化法治开始,但最终植根于国内公民社会及其道德、习俗、宗教和传统。自治型公民社会的衰落与干预型公民社会的兴盛表征了新自由主义全球化国际经济法体制及其自由国际经济秩序的合法性危机。在古典自由主义基础上复兴公民社会及其非正式文化传统秩序,是国际经济法合法性危机的根本解决之道。     

The Relational Conception of Practical Authority

I argue for a new conception of practical authority based on an analysis of the relationship between authority and subject. Commands entail a demand for practical deference, which establishes a relationship of hierarchy, vulnerability, and responsibility that involves a variety of signals and commitments. In order for this relationship to be justified, the subject must be under a preexisting duty, the authority’s commands must take precedence over the subject’s judgment regarding fulfillment of that duty, the authority must accept the position and responsibilities of command, and the authority must be sufficiently trustworthy relative to how vulnerable the subject makes herself by deferring. This results in an instrumentalist conception of practical authority that can be favorably compared to Joseph Raz’s influential service conception. The relational conception’s main advantage is that it focuses on the authority as much as the subject, requiring that the authority accept responsibility for the relationship and be sufficiently trustworthy. This allows the relational conception to avoid problems that the service conception faces and illuminates institutional authority.     

道德:生存方式的实践理性标示

道德本质上是人类生存方式的实践理性标示,它既存在于现实生活中,又立足于现实生活来构建属于人的价值意义世界.社会道德的混乱甚至沦丧,根本上是人的生存方式出了问题.解决道德问题,必须着眼于改善人的生存方式,即在社会意义上实现生产生活方式的合理性变革,在个体生存意义上自觉加强道德自律.     

行政法上正当期待形成的法理基础

起源于英国行政法的正当期待原则,具有赋予相对人正当期待权利以抵御行政权恣意行事之功能。弄清行政法上正当期待的概念及产生途径,透视正当期待形成所需的信任关系和法律安定性原则这两个法理基础,就可以看出,信任关系是行政法上正当期待形成的深厚的精神基础和利益保障;而法律安定性原则则是行政法上正当期待形成的法律保障。     

G. A. Cohen's Conception of Law: A Critique*

This note will challenge G. A. Cohen's view of the interaction between legal systems and economic structures; such interaction raises the so-called problem of legality, which Cohen sets out to solve in the eighth chapter of Karl Marx's Theory of History (Cohen 1978, 216–47). In the course of this note, we shall interrogate the presumed rigor of Cohen's theory of base/superstructure relations, to which his understanding of law is central. His approach will not be simply destroyed, but will be resituated in a network of problems that can highlight a certain fissure between his aspirations and his performance.     

论市场竞争法的基础

市场竞争法有深广的基础。它根源于人的本性 ,是人的自我意识、经济人和自由等本性的必然要求 ,由人的生存环境所决定 ,已成为市场环境的主题和主词。市场竞争法具有特定对象、时代性、国家干预性和社会公共性等特征。它的调整方法是一种中合、否定和综合的方法。它具有促进经济发展、实现政治民主和弘扬人类文明等功能。它由反垄断法和反不正当竞争法构成