欧盟反垄断私人诉讼制度的最新发展及启示

从欧盟竞争法的最新发展来看,私人诉讼在反垄断法中的地位正在逐步增强.欧盟委员会认为,行政执法始终是反垄断法实施的中坚力量,但私人诉讼是公共实施的有益补充.此外,欧盟积极借鉴美国的反托拉斯私人诉讼制度,旨在促进欧盟区经济的发展及欧盟消费者权利的保护.就我国而言,可以借鉴欧盟的经验,高度重视私人在反垄断法实施中的作用,完善法律制度,以推动反垄断私人诉讼在我国的发展.     

私人诉讼与证券执法

为打击证券市场上大量滋生的违法行为,在强化行政执法和刑事责任机制之外,还应当鼓励(而不是限制)民事诉讼机制,要求法院积极介入有关的诉讼纠纷.规划未来的公司、证券民事诉讼机制时,关键在于设计适宜的激励机制,以克服可能出现的原告动力不足的问题.此种激励最好以市场化的方式给出,即给原告律师创造适当的动力,并最终引入证券市场上专门的集团诉讼制度.集团诉讼机制经过制度设计,完全可以避免滥诉风险,真正需要注意的是避免限制过严.在目前证券集团诉讼制度尚未建立、诉讼和执法供给不足的情况下,可以尝试通过非盈利组织起诉的方式来起到鼓励证券诉讼的作用.非盈利组织需要跟行政力量相互合作,而不是完全独立于监管机关.     

Review of Books on Private Law and EU Law

Books reviewed in this article:
H. Kötz, Europäisches Vertragsrecht, Band I: Abschluß, Gültigkeit und Inhalt des Vertrages
H. Kötz, A. Flessner, European Contract Law, vol. 1: Formation, Validity, and Content of Contract; Contract and Third Parties
U. Drobing, Private Law in the European Union     

The Transformation of Private Law Through Competition

This paper traces the changing role of competition and its effects on private law in three different stages of the Internal Market project: (1) the promotion of competition in the original Internal Market both via contracts (competitive contract law) and through competition among legal orders (Common European Sales Law); (2) the suspension of competition in the face of financial crisis; and (3) the revitalisation of competition in the Digital Single Market. Private law—broadly understood as regulatory private law—is being deployed to achieve competing, if not conflicting, policy goals. At this stage, it is not possible, nor would it be desirable, to provide a coherent account of these phenomena. Clear‐cut overarching values cannot be identified either. Transformation through competition is just another take on European experimentalism.     

私权在行政执法中的地位——以一则行政案件为分析工具

传统观念认为,公共利益优先于私人利益。但在当前更加强调尊重和保护私权的背景下,该种观念的正当性值得进一步检讨,不能认为私权相对于公权始终处于附属地位。在特定情况下,行政权力依法行使的内涵中应包含尊重私权,国家公权在行使过程中应注意对民事主体私权利的保护。     

竞争法执行的有效性和透明性--关于国内外对日本实施反垄断法认识之差异的分析

一　引　言国内外对日本反垄断法 (简称ＡＭＡ)的实施有两种不同的看法。日本公平交易委员会 (简称ＪＦＴＣ)作为日本反垄断法的执法机构被认为是匡扶正义的使者、弱者的朋友。它在权力和资源有限的情况下维护自由和公平的市场竞争的努力得到了国内外的好评。但是 ,企业界经常抱怨 ,日本反垄断法的实施过于严格 ,不利于提高企业在国际市场的竞争力 ,僵死的合并规则不利于企业实现有效重组。然而 ,日本公平交易委员会长期以来却被国外认为是一只“不咬人的看家狗”。〔 1〕外国的企业和政府 ,特别是美国政府经常指责说 ,日本公平交易委员会执…     

反垄断法实施的反垄断——论中国反垄断法的私人执行

中国反垄断法的实施一般由公共执行所垄断,但是,公共执行事实上却存在机构设置、公法责任等方面的局限性,因而反垄断法的实施不应由公共执行所垄断,还应引入私人执行,因为私人执行不仅是一种权利救济的途径,也是反垄断法的实施方式之一,有助于弥补和矫正公共执行的不足.在现行法律框架下,中国反垄断法私人执行可采取民事诉讼、仲裁、行政诉讼等三种方式.     

Integrating Environmental Protection and EU Competition Law: Why Competition Isn't Special

One of the biggest challenges facing environmental policy makers at present is that of integrating environmental protection goals into economic policy areas. Unless this is genuinely achieved, it is clear that environmental degradation will continue apace. Though one of the EU's most important areas of economic competence is competition policy, many policy makers and commentators reject the notion that environmental concerns should play a significant role in EU competition analysis. In that light, this article addresses two key questions. First, should this approach apply? Second, if not, what are the principles that govern how environmental protection requirements should be taken into account by decision makers applying EU competition law? In answering these questions, the article puts forward three theoretical arguments as to why, and how, the environmental benefits and damage flowing from goods and services should be taken into account by EU competition decision makers, based, respectively, on legal systematic, governance and economic reasoning.     

Regulatory Competition: A Private International Law Approach

This article analyzes the regulatory competition model (RCM) from a private international law perspective. This perspective helps us identify and resolve two gaps in the standard explanation of the RCM. According to the standard explanation, two conditions must be fulfilled for the market of legal products to function well: (1) free movement of resources (persons, capital, and goods); (2) the absences of cross-border externalities. In relation to this second condition, the standard model argues that a uniform material rule is necessary to overcome cross-border externalities. The main thesis of this article is that a private international law approach can complete this model by adding two ideas. First, a smooth functioning of the market-of-legal products requires, not only the free movement of resources, but also a uniform private international law system which guarantees the autonomy of the parties (free choice of law) and the procedural implementation of this autonomy (free choice of forum and free movement of judgments). And second, a uniform material law, which wipes out the regulatory market, is not essential to deal with the externality problem; rather a uniform conflict-of-laws rule, which leads to the internalization of cross-border externalities by states, can correct at least some of the externalities problem and also maintains the regulatory market.     

反垄断法私人执行的优越性及其实现——兼论中国反垄断法引入私人执行制度的必要性和立法建议

反垄断法私人执行的立法和实践始于美国,现在已经成为大多数国家的必然选择.反垄断法的私人执行具有自发性优势和比较优势两大优势,"赔偿功能"和"威慑功能"是私人执行"自发性优势"的主要体现,而"救济功能"和"指示功能"则是私人执行"比较优势"的主要表现.为了充分实现反垄断法私人执行的优越性,在制度设计上应遵循"法律上可能,经济上有利"的原则.为了促进我国反垄断法的有效实施,应引入私人执行制度,并在反垄断立法中对私人执行制度作出详细的规定.     

对反不正当竞争执法有关问题的探讨

肯定了我国《反不正当竞争法》所确定的“行政主导、司法辅助”的执法模式，并建议改革行政执法 机关体制，完善《反不正当竞争法》，以解决目前执法中遇到的问题与困难，加大执法力度。     

A Shift in Focus: Systematisation in European Private Law through EU Law

The discourse on the Europeanisation of private law appears gradually to be moving into new territory in which the central debate on convergence of private laws in Europe makes place for structural questions on private law development in a multi‐level European legal order. With the realisation that private law is and will remain complementary regulated at EU level and in national laws, a re‐orientation is called for that, in the words of Micklitz, ‘allows one to determine which norms shall be elaborated and enforced at what level and by whom’. This article accepts that such a re‐orientation is needed in relation to substance, process, instruments and enforcement; a more fundamental question needs to be addressed, however, in order to ensure coherence in the development of private law in Europe. As can be gleaned from existing practice in EU consumer law, competition law, and financial market regulation, a deeply engrained tension between market integration and protectionist policies in Community law has resulted in incoherent regulation at EU level, which filters through into national legal systems. This puts at risk fundamental values of private law, such as certainty and fairness. A solution for this is proposed by shifting the focus from national private laws to the political and doctrinal structure of EU private law, and the normative framework it provides. General principles of EU private law, it is argued, could and should provide a counterweight to the problem of conflicting policies and set out a guideline for the future development of European private law.     

德国竞争法的私人执行——历史局限和最新发展

从理论上说,德国比较重视竞争法的私人执行,但由于立法的不确定性和司法的限制性解释,德国竞争法的私人执行在《反限制竞争法》第7次修订前,其实际效果并不理想;私人执行既没有影响力,也没有决定力。第7次修订后,德国竞争法的私人执行制度在多个方面发生了积极的变化,以促进和强化竞争法的私人执行;但尽管如此,修订后的竞争法私人执行规定仍存在某些方面的不足,需要将来进一步发展。     

从欧盟竞争法看中国的反垄断法

中国加入WTO后 ,面临着和世界经济全面接轨 ,却存在着一个巨大的法律真空 ,即缺乏对竞争机制的全面有效保护。无论是从生存还是发展的角度出发 ,中国都急需制订一部竞争法。欧盟竞争法虽然来源于美国反垄断法的思想 ,但是它吸收了其内部成员国的国内法的合理内核 ,同时兼顾两大法系的协调问题 ,顺应竞争法的新的发展趋势。毫无疑问 ,欧盟竞争法对于中国的反垄断立法具有一定的启示和借鉴意义     

反垄断私人诉讼困境与反垄断执法的管制化发展

中国反垄断法私人诉讼的发展与预期落差巨大。原因在于,反垄断法私人诉讼强调法院的作用,但法院受限于司法机构的根本性质,存在难以调节原被告力量失衡、对于特定行为无法救济以及救济不及时的问题。相比之下,反垄断法行政执法机构具有资源与权力配置上的显著优势。更重要的是,现代反垄断法执法的不断发展和演化,使原来简单判断是否违法的执法方式向以提高社会整体福利为目标的管制方式转变。在这一过程中,建立独立的反垄断执法机构、颁布反垄断指南、广泛采用同意裁决、深入运用经济学分析等都是具体表现。与之相应,当反垄断行政执法占据中心地位时,为了确保其不偏离反垄断法的目标,须建立完善的行政机构内部执法程序以及司法审查程序,进行有效制约。     

论执法保障与行政执法能力的提高

依法行政的重心在于行政执法。要完成执法任务,行政执法主体必须具备相应的能力。我国当前行政执法中存在诸多问题的一个重要原因就是由于行政执法缺乏保障而致使行政执法主体的能力欠缺。因而,应加强对行政执法的保障,提高行政执法主体的执法能力。