The detection of sedatives in hair and nail samples using tandem LC-MS-MS

Drug screening methods were developed to detect alprazolam, clobazam, clonazepam, diazepam, midazolam, oxazepam, temazepam, triazolam, zopiclone, and selected metabolites in human hair and nail samples employing liquid-liquid extraction and tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Hair and nail samples were obtained from patients who had recently discontinued or were currently prescribed one or more of the targeted drugs. Prazepam was used as the internal standard for all compounds. Some components in the hair matrix gave the same transitions as some of the analytes but did not compromise the analyses because their retention times differed from those for the target compounds. The analytical run time was 8-10min. Results of the hair analysis of a DFSA victim are also presented.     

我国黑社会犯罪刑事立法的反思与完善

当前,我国已初步形成了以刑法典第294条和其他关联条款为主体,以刑法修正案和相关法律解释等法律文件为补充的黑社会犯罪刑法惩治体系,人们对黑社会犯罪的认识正在不断深化,犯罪形势、刑事立法和刑事司法相互影响也日渐增强.然而,由于规范与事实间存在的固有间隙,我国黑社会犯罪立法在观念上还存在较多问题与缺陷.若有效地与黑社会犯罪作斗争,必须从我国实际情况出发,根据黑社会犯罪的演变过程与实际的发展形态来完善惩治黑社会犯罪的刑法体系.     

Pesticide poisoning in domestic animals and livestock in Austria: a 6 years retrospective study

A 6 years retrospective study of pesticide poisonings in domestic animals and livestock from 1999 to 2004 submitted to the Institute for Medical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna in Austria was compiled and analysed. Totally 380 pesticide analysis requests were referred by veterinary practitioners, from the Institute for Pathology of the above university, by regional and central governments as well as local police departments and district administrations, animal protectionist groups, public health authorities and private clients. Among the total number of suspected samples for pesticides, 175 (46.1%) cases were found positive to contain pesticides of various kinds. Among the pesticides found, carbamate insecticides were most prominent, representing 50.3% of the total positive cases. These compounds were followed by rodenticides-anticoagulants with 18.9% of the positive results, by organophosphate insecticides 5.1%, and by the rodenticides-nonanticoagulant 3.4%, the other 22.3% included molluscicides, herbicides, etc. In totally 225 animals, 123 animals were found positive for pesticide intoxication, among them 47.2% were dogs, 34.1% were cats 9.8% of other species and 8.9% of unspecified animal samples. The pesticides were characterized by HPLC-techniques using commercially available standards. The aim of this Austrian survey was to determine the incidence and frequency of confirmed pesticide intoxications in animals in Austria and to emphasize its relevance in veterinary practice for livestock and domestic animals.     

犯罪与刑事违法性关系论纲

犯罪可以从形式的犯罪、实质的犯罪、司法评价的犯罪三个侧面来加以阐释。形式的犯罪就是罪刑规范;实质的犯罪是全部具体罪刑规范的共同法律本质。两者都是立法者的意志体现。它们本身都没有刑事违法性,只是刑事违法性的判断标准。只有司法评价的犯罪,才存在刑事违法性判断。我国本无刑事违法性的理论,应当创建。只有创建了科学的可操作性的刑事违法性理论,才能既坚持罪刑法定原则,又贯彻"无危害即无犯罪"原则。刑事违法性是司法者评价生活行为事实在客观上是否违反法秩序的步骤和标准。它是犯罪成立条件之一。我国应当对《刑法》第13条赋予新的理论内涵以完成刑事违法性理论的创建。     

古罗马刑法的特征及犯罪分类

古罗马帝国给后世遗留下诸多遗产,完备的罗马法是其中最重要的一项内容。古罗马法中虽然以古罗马民法的精密完备为著称,但古罗马刑法的成就也为世人所瞩目,在西方法律中占有极其重要的地位。古罗马刑法中对犯罪分类之详尽更令后人叹为观止,亦对后世给予了巨大的影响。     

东莨菪碱的GC／MS检验

目的用气质联用方法分离定性案件检材中微量的东莨菪碱成分。方法以液-液萃取法提取分离,用CP5860(CP-sil8CB)毛细管拄(30m×0.25mm×0.33!m),并采用气质联用仪(GC/MS)测定东莨菪碱。结果可检出检材中微量东莨菪碱,色谱分离良好。结论以气质联用仪(GC/MS)测定东莨菪碱方法灵敏度高,测定结果准确可靠。     

非监禁刑:文明社会的刑罚选择——以欧洲为视角的思考

刑罚作为社会文化的一部分,其发展与人类文明同步,文明程度越高,刑罚方法就越合乎人性。在人道的前提下,矫正罪犯是刑罚选择的目标之一。非监禁刑能够在欧洲普遍使用,就因为它既是一种比较人道的刑罚方法,又在矫正罪犯方面具有其独特的优势。我国在建立自己的非监禁刑体系时,既要借鉴欧洲非监禁刑的立法及司法实践的经验,又要从本国实情出发。在人道主义与矫正效果的前提下,对非监禁刑体系的设计不仅要体现时代性,还要注重实用性。     

恢复性措施在环境刑事司法实践中的应用分析

环境犯罪不仅破坏了环境资源保护制度,也损害了生态法益,保护公共环境利益是刑法介入环境保护最根本的出发点。近几年来,随着环境司法专门化和环境司法理念的发展,越来越多的环境恢复性措施出现在环境刑事司法实践中。与传统惩治犯罪的刑罚措施不同,环境恢复性措施着眼于对受到损害的环境质量、生态系统进行修复。恢复性措施的应用让犯罪人更清楚地认识到其行为对环境的危害,督促犯罪人主动承担环境修复责任,有利于利害关系人的参与,实现社会和谐。但是,恢复性司法与传统司法在原则和理念等方面存在一定的冲突,实践中恢复性措施的应用带有一定的随意性,存在地区差异大、标准不统一、程序不规范等问题。环境恢复性司法必须根植于我国的刑事司法制度,不与刑法基本原则相违背,在此基础上注重对环境损害的救济及公众利益的考量,逐步完善环境恢复性司法的法律依据,增设环境刑罚辅助措施,鼓励法院发挥司法能动性,践行恢复性司法理念,创新恢复性措施,最大限度修复生态环境。     

试论我国"反黑"刑事立法的完善

我国现行"反黑"刑事立法存在着以下不足:缺乏超前性、完备性和配套性;针对性不强;刑罚设置明显偏轻.有鉴于此,文章提出了完善我国现行"反黑"刑事立法的几点构想:其一,增设黑社会犯罪的有关新罪,同时对现有罪名进行补充修改,使刑法规定具有适度的超前性;其二,修改现行刑法典关于黑社会性质犯罪的刑罚规定,提高量刑幅度,增设财产刑;其三,采用特别证据制度.     

中国《刑法》中的环境犯罪:梳理、评价与展望

经过刑法修正案的几次修正,中国《刑法》对环境犯罪的法律规制逐渐形成了基本格局,并从严密法网和降低结果要求两个维度体现出了强调环境保护自身价值的明显倾向。但总体上说,人本主义的刑法本身仍值得坚持,而填充侵犯环境犯罪作为独立一章则需要慎重。降低环境犯罪的结果要求不等于规定了行为犯,而过失危险犯立法的主张不如所谓复合罪过立法,严格责任立法则实无必要。中国环境刑法的进一步完善,远景规划是追求立法双轨制、在行政法规中制定罪刑罚则,乃至在条件成熟时制定《危害环境犯罪法》。而就当下来说,更容易实现的目标是,进一步严密环境犯罪的法网范围,同时,完善相应的刑事制裁体系,以便更为有效地应对各种环境犯罪行为。     

我国现行刑事政策反思及完善--以维护社会稳定为切入点

我国的刑事政策是党和国家长期历史经验的总结 ,在社会主义革命和建设时期都曾发挥过重要的作用 ,但是 ,我国的刑事政策自身也存在着许多问题 ,需要进一步完善。刑事政策的制定应以维护社会的稳定为出发点 ,并以此对犯罪和犯罪人进行分类。面对日益严峻的社会治安状况 ,我国在今后较长时期内应采取“轻轻重重”的刑事政策。     

中国内地与香港刑法乞讨罪比较研究

修改后的内地刑法增加了“强迫乞讨罪”，虽然中国内地与香港刑法均有与“乞讨”相关的罪名，由于两地分属不同的法系及两地人权保护理念和社会保障制度完善程度的不同，使两地对有关乞讨行为的法律规制诸如立法时限、犯罪主体、犯罪对象和法律处罚等有较大的差异。     

对美国有组织犯罪情况的考察

由于美国是一个由移民组成的国家,有组织跨国犯罪问题较为突出。近几年,美国通过制定相关的法律,建立专门的调查机构,注重情报的搜集与分析,注重监控银行钱款动向,从而较为有效地控制了这一犯罪的发展。     

Personal Criminal Victimization in the United States: Fixed and Random Effects of Individual and Household Characteristics

The present research is concerned with multilevel modeling of personalvictimization rates. Data from the 1994 National Crime Victimization Surveyare employed. Following the routine activities and lifestyle victimizationtheory, individuals' profile and lifestyle as well as characteristics oftheir household comprise the set of explanatory variables. The results ofestimated multilevel negative binomial models, which explicitly disentanglethe unexplained heterogeneity between individuals and between households,are discussed. The estimated random effects of household characteristicsshow that the unexplained heterogeneity for the average number of personalcrimes differs across household types. Further, the individual covariateswith between households random effects become less influential the more thebase personal crime rates are high.     

CI-mass fragmentographic analysis of methamphetamine and amphetamine in human autopsy tissues after acute methamphetamine poisoning

A 22-year-old male methamphetamine abuser was put under police protection owing to his abnormal state of excitation, but died 1 h later. Distribution of methamphetamine and amphetamine in the body was analyzed by the chemical ionization mass fragmentographic method. Amphetamine/methamphetamine concentrations (μmol/100 g) were $\text{0.24}\text{5.59}$ in blood, $\text{0.41}\text{9.43}$ in liver, $\text{0.41}\text{10.02}$ in brain, $\text{0.37}\text{9.80}$ in kidney, $\text{0.18}\text{4.57}$ in muscle, $\text{0.02}\text{0.63}$ in subcutaneous fat and $\text{1.87}\text{1464}$ in gastric contents. Total amount of methamphetamine hydrochloride in stomach contents was about 54 mg. Amphetamine concentrations in tissues ranged from 3.2% to 4.3% of methamphetamine, and was 0.1% in stomach contents. Amphetamine in tissues seems to be a metabolite of methamphetamine, and amphetamine in gastric contents is presumed to result from gastric mucous excretion. The blood concentration of methamphetamine was at a fatal level, and the total amount of the drug in gastric contents indicates that fatal poisoning occurred by ingestion.     

经济全球化对广东地区刑事犯罪趋势的影响

经济全球化对社会、政治、经济、文化、法律等各层面都产生深刻影响,它改变制约犯罪的各种因素,影响刑事犯罪的发生、发展规律,对广东未来犯罪趋势同样有着重大影响和重要作用。从广东地区近年来的刑事犯罪数据看,经济全球化对犯罪数量变化、犯罪结构变化、犯罪主体变化、犯罪行为特点变化均有较大影响。     

中俄刑法典有关危害食品安全犯罪的规定之比较

中俄两国刑法典有关危害食品安全犯罪的规定在构成要件、犯罪既遂标准以及处罚等方面有所不同,两国刑法典有关危害食品安全犯罪的规定各具特色。俄罗斯刑法典将该类犯罪归类于危害公共安全类犯罪的做法值得我国借鉴;其规制行为内容多、规制目标广的做法更有利于对消费者合法权益的保护;其量刑情节设置具体、细腻的做法也有参考价值;罚金刑的设置方式也具有一定的借鉴意义。     

港澳台黑社会组织渗透破坏和跨境犯罪情况浅析

随着香港澳门的相继回归、台海局势的变化及市场经济的深入推进，近年来，黑社会犯罪较为猖獗。针对实际情况，佛山公安司法机关始终将打黑除恶作为严打斗争的重点，连续开展了以打击黑社会为重点的“s”、“F”行动。     

我国跨法域刑事管辖权竞合研究

在刑事管辖权竞合下如何确定管辖法域,应当借鉴国际私法中的“最密切联系理论,”根据各法域与案件在连结点上的“数量联系”和“质量联系”来确定跨法域刑事案件的管辖地。