Implementation of the Americans with Disabilities Act in State Police and Highway Patrol Agencies: Results of a National Survey

This article provides an empirical analysis of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) implementation within the law enforcement profession. Specifically, the study reports results from a national survey of state police/highway patrol agencies regarding practical implementation of the ADA. The data is analyzed in terms of population size and collective bargaining status. Results of this endeavor indicate that implementation of the ADA within law enforcement is difficult, especially as applied to the work of sworn personnel. These challenges are somewhat diminished when applied to non-sworn personnel such as dispatchers, administrators, and clerical personnel. The most substantial obstacles to implementation of the ADA within law enforcement is not associated with political officials or administrators. Instead, most arise from the lack of training and vague legislative language and regulatory standards. Smaller states and those without collective bargaining report lower levels of accommodation; however, there are few statistically significant differences in terms of population and collective bargaining.     

浅析提高公安机关战斗力的因素

提高公安机关战斗力,才能有效地打击犯罪和预防犯罪,促进我国体制改革的顺利进行,增加公安机关的人力因素,理顺公安机关的管理体制因素,加强公安机关硬件建设因素和良好群众关系因素,对提高公安机关战斗力都有直接的作用。     

影响射击安全的四种心理因素解读

对射击教学训练,管理者通常只注意排除场所、设备等客观可见的危险点,而忽视了人的心理状态对安全具有决定性影响。因此,必须了解参与射击教学活动各类人员的心理状态及其对安全工作的影响,确保射击教学训练安全。     

Suing the Philadelphia Police: The Case for an Institutional Approach

Note: The comments of Alan Snyder, Eugene Lewis and the Editor and anonymous reviewers of Law and Policy are gratefully acknowledged.
This article examines the merits of two alternative briefs in Equal Protection litigation on police misconduct. The several suits brought against the Philadelphia Police Department illustrate the shortcomings of the judicially preferred intentionality brief and indicate the need for a more completely specified institutional brief. The background of the two briefs is traced to a dialectical conflict between discretion and control in the idea of law enforcement.
The use of force is not a philosophical issue for a policeman. It is not a question of should or whether, but when and how much (Rubinstein 1973:323).     

警察体育目标的研究

警察体育是公安教育的组成部分,是公安工作与体育运动有机结合的新学科,它具有公安、体育的双重性。警察体育产生于公安实践,随着社会的发展而发展,我国的警察体育为社会主义的政治和经济服务。警察体育目标是根据国家经济、社会发展和公安工作的总目标来确定的。     

广东省公安民警体能素质状况的调查分析

通过对广东省部分公安干警体能达标的两年追踪测试和问卷调查,结果表明严格按照<警标>进行身体素质测试可以了解和反映出目前广东省公安干警的体能达标和评优情况,根据测试和调查发现问题,找出对策,为积极贯彻警体发展计划,全面提高警察体能素质提供理论和实践参考.     

警务实战训练内容体系分析

警务实战训练作为现代公安教育训练工作的重要内容,一直倍受从事公安教育训练工作研究的专家学者们积极关注.本文从探讨警务实战的内涵和特点入手,运用系统论的观点从宏观视角对警务实战训练的内容体系进行分析,并对其具体内容的相互关系及影响进行探讨,以期为警务实战内容的进一步研究提供些许参考.     

An Enforcement Taxonomy of Regulatory Agencies

A variety of multivariate techniques were used to develop a taxonomy of regulatory agencies from the first comprehensive study of the disparate enforcement strategies employed by business regulatory agencies in one country. Seven types of agencies were identified: Conciliators, Benign Big Guns, Diagnostic Inspectorates, Detached Token Enforcers, Detached Modest Enforcers, Token Enforcers and Modest Enforcers. Agencies were distinguished primarily according to their orientation to enforcement versus persuasion, according to their commitment to detached (or arms length) command and control regulation versus cooperative fostering of self-regulation, and according to their attachment to universalistic rulebook regulation versus particularistic regulation. Nevertheless, it is not unreasonable to view regulatory agencies as lying on a single continuum from particularistic non-enforcers who engage in cooperative fostering of self-regulation to rulebook enforcers whose policy is detached command and control. This approximates the suggestions of Hawkins and Reiss for distinguishing regulatory agencies according to a "sanctioning/deterrence" versus "compliance" dimension. The predominant regulatory style in Australia, however, is distant from both poles, being a perfunctory regulatory approach which is neither distinctively diagnostic and educative nor litigiously "going by the book"; rather it amounts to "going through the motions". The typology also partially conforms to Black's categorisation of social control as penal, therapeutic, conciliatory and compensatory.     

基于主题效价分析的医患关系影响因素探究

为考察医患关系的影响因素,研究调查河南省三个地区298名医生和220名患者,通过对所列举因素进行主题提取,形成效价矩阵,对效价进行差异检验。结果发现,医生更倾向归因于医患共情,患者强调医生的职业修养,双方都重视患者认知与情绪的作用。男性医生和女性患者更注重社会环境的影响,公立制医院医生较之非公立制医院医生更强调医学现实更不强调医患共情,本科及以下学历较之硕士及以上学历的医生更注重医患共情与政策法律保障。医患关系满意度高分组医生更注重医生的职业修养,低分组医生和高分组患者更注重医学现实的作用。探究影响医患关系的因素,对促进医患信任具有理论指导意义。     

Credible Commitment in Non-Independent Regulatory Agencies: A Comparative Analysis of the European Agencies for Pharmaceuticals and Foodstuffs

Abstract: The creation of more and more supranational regulatory agencies has been one of the most significant institutional developments in the European Union during the last decade. Usually, these agencies evolve from EU committees and take over most of their structures. Accordingly, like most EU committees and the Commission, regulatory agencies are not independent, but act under the control of the member states. The question is, how far do they indicate a credible commitment of the Member States to long-term policy goals like health and consumer protection. This article compares the institutional structures and decision-making rules of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products and of the newly established European Food Safety Authority, in order to clarify the extent of credible commitment that the Member States show through the setting-up of these agencies. It concludes that the commitment of the Member States in the foodstuff sector is not as deep as in the pharmaceutical sector, and that the creation of the European Food Safety Authority will not lead to a success story similar to that of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products.     

影响警察武力使用的若干因素

警察武力使用是警察进行自我防护与打击制服罪犯或犯罪嫌疑人的重要手段。法律、技战术、心理以及装备等因素都对警察武力使用有影响,应提高警察武力使用的水平,增强警察武力使用的效果,使警察在执法实践中能依法、及时、有效地使用武力,确保自身安全,顺利完成职责任务。     

量刑实体公正的影响因素研究

影响量刑实体公正的因素有刑罚的设置、刑事政策、法官自由裁量权等法律因素以及法官情感因素、民意、领导干预等法律外因素.上述因素以各自的方式影响着量刑的公正与否,因而,探究影响量刑实体公正的因素对采取相应措施保障量刑公正具有重大意义.     

论影响司法精神病鉴定结论一致性的原因

随着我国法制建设的不断发展和完善,司法精神病鉴定越来越多地受到人们的关注,要求重新进行司法精神病鉴定的案件渐年增多,而鉴定结论(包括医学诊断结论、法定能力评定等)不一致的问题也日益突出,成为司法机关审理案件中的难题。本文试从学科方面、鉴定方式、鉴定标准、共患疾病、法律制度等14个方面分析了重复鉴定导致结论不同原因,并从①完善精神疾病司法鉴定有关法律法规;②健全精神疾病司法鉴定管理体制;③制定统一的精神疾病司法鉴定标准;④建立完善的鉴定结论质证制度和采信制度;⑤健全鉴定人的审批制度;⑥改进精神疾病司法鉴定工作制度;⑦提高鉴定质量;⑧复核鉴定或重新鉴定时要慎重;⑨健全鉴定人的培训与考核制度等9方面提出对策与建议。     

证据法发展的内在要素论纲

证据法的出发点应该在于案件事实真相的发现.在实现探求案件事实真相上,科学发展起到了关键作用.但是,发现案件事实并非等同于科学研究,在发现案件事实过程中应该受到一定的规制,这种规制除了来自于人权考虑外,历史环境也是事实认定方式无法摆脱的因素.     

Resilience Factors Among Police Investigators: Hardiness-commitment a Unique Contributor

The aim of this study was to explore the role of individual and contextual buffers against the effects of work stress among police investigators. 156 Norwegian police investigators were assessed on the predictor variables psychological hardiness, work engagement, social support, and meaningfulness, and on the outcome variables of burnout, subjective health complaints, and self-reported sick leave. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that psychological hardiness predicted the variance in burnout beyond that of work engagement, social support, and meaningfulness. When the investigators were divided into two groups based on their field, investigators of assault crime showed higher scores than the group consisting of forensics and investigators of fire, financial, and environmental crime on the variables psychological hardiness, social support, meaningfulness, and subjective health complaints. No differences between the groups were found on burnout, sickness absence, and work engagement. The findings show the importance of resilience factors for coping with work stress, with the commitment dimension of hardiness being particularly important.     

Social Factors in Adolescent Deviant Behaviour in Hong Kong: An Integrated Theoretical Approach

This study examines various social correlates of adolescent deviant behaviour in Hong Kong. An integrated theoretical model is constructed which incorporates variables derived from major theories of juvenile delinquency: namely, differential association theory, control theory, strain theory, and labelling theory. Data were collected through a self-report questionnaire administered to a sample of 1,139 students from ten randomly selected secondary schools during early 1986. Path analysis is performed so that the direct, indirect, and total effects of each of the variables can be estimated and compared with those of other variables. Findings suggest that differential association theory can make the greatest contributions in explaining adolescent deviant behaviour in Hong Kong, followed by control theory and labelling theory. Strain theory did not receive any support from the data. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed.     

目击证人错误记忆的影响因素研究综述

目击证人对犯罪嫌疑人辨认的结果是定案的重要依据,但目击证人的错误记忆产生的不当陈述又是案件错判的最常见原因,提高目击证人辨认的准确性对于惩罚犯罪和保障公民的权利至关重要。目击证人受外界环境、主观心理等多方面的作用,形成错误记忆,严重影响辨认的准确性。因此,应当借鉴认知心理学对错误记忆的研究方法,抑制错误记忆对目击证人的影响因素,提高目击证人辨认结果的准确性。     

论纸张上潜在指印显现效果的影响因素及对策

潜在指印是目视不可见的指印反映形象,纸张上潜在指印的显现效果受造型主体及作用力大小、纸张状态及媒介物差异、遗留时间及环境条件等众多因素的影响。在实际工作中,为获取理想稳定的纸张潜在指印显现效果,必须在充分了解检材特性的前提条件下,选择与之适配的显现方法,其基本原则是先作无损显现,再选择破坏性相对较轻的有损法,最后才是可能改变检材原有理化特性的其他方法。     

Violent Stalkers. Detecting Risk Factors by the Police

In the experience of stalking victims a common element is the fear of physical violence. Until now risk factors that predict physical violence within stalking contexts have been carried out in relatively small, clinical-forensic samples. Consequently, the validity and practical utility of these risk factors in the law enforcement context remains unknown. Furthermore some risk factors have been identified in this research on the basis of information that is not available for or difficult to detect by the police in an early stage of the law enforcement process. The identification of risk factors of physical violence in stalking incidents in an early stage by the police was the subject of the presented study. Risk factors are identified based on literature, content analysis of police records and by testing interaction terms. Therefore 204 judicial files were analyzed, resulting in a five factor model predicting physical violence. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

影响司法鉴定统一管理的三个因素

全国人大常委会《决定》明确列入司法行政部门统一管理的司法鉴定业务类别仅三类,使得司法行政部门对司法鉴定统一管理的范围太窄,存在着明显缺位。《决定》对司法行政部门统一管理范围的有限规定,制约着司法鉴定统一管理框架的构建,多头管理,重复登记的现象仍然存在,造成管理上的错位。有的部门自行出台与《决定》精神相悖的文件,内设的鉴定机构超越职能,面向社会受理鉴定业务,影响了市场的净化。本文对上述问题产生的原因及弊端进行了分析与探讨,并提出了进行立法解释、开展执法检查、扩大统一管理范围、加快规章制定进程的建议。