以案定编与法官员额的模型测算

实行法官员额制是一项系统工程,既应当立足于法院人员分类管理现状和法官工作实际,又必须依托科学严谨、全面翔实的数据分析。但现有研究大多焦聚于谁来当法官的任职资格分析,却多少忽视了需要多少法官这一前置性问题。为了提高法官员额配置的有效性和准确性,我们应借鉴计量经济学与统计学的建模方法,通过多重共线性检验将法官工作量作为确定法官员额的唯一解释变量,而后建立以案件类型、工作任务、任务频数、任务复杂性为核心的法官工作负荷模型,尝试通过计算法官工作量测算法官员额。     

US Judge: inadequate medical care for HIV-positive prisoners is a violation of rights

A federal judge in the United States has determined that Alabama prison officials violated HIV-positive prisoners' constitutional rights and that poor medical care caused HIV-positive prisoners to die early.     

Crisis of conscience: reconciling religious health care providers' beliefs and patients' rights

In this note, Katherine A. White explores the conflict between religious health care providers who provide care in accordance with their religious beliefs and the patients who want access to medical care that these religious providers find objectionable. Specifically, she examines Roman Catholic health care institutions and HMOs that follow the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services and considers other religious providers with similar beliefs. In accordance with the Directives, these institutions maintain policies that restrict access to "sensitive" services like abortion, family planning, HIV counseling, infertility treatment, and termination of life-support. White explains how most state laws protecting providers' right to refuse treatments in conflict with religious principles do not cover this wide range of services. Furthermore, many state and federal laws and some court decisions guarantee patients the right to receive this care. The constitutional complication inherent in this provider-patient conflict emerges in White's analysis of the interaction of the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses of the First Amendment and patients' right to privacy. White concludes her note by exploring the success of both provider-initiated and legislatively mandated compromise strategies. She first describes the strategies adopted by four different religious HMOs which vary in how they increase or restrict access to sensitive services. She then turns her focus to state and federal "bypass" legislation, ultimately concluding that increased state supervision might help these laws become more viable solutions to provider-patient conflicts.     

法官职业化建设背景下法官助理制度的重新审视与现实进路

法官助理无论在英美法系还是大陆法系国家已是一项比较成熟的司法制度。我国虽在1999年已将其摆上改革议程,但截至目前尚未真正建立。因此,我国应加快构建法官助理制度,并由此推动司法权运行机制和法官职业化的全方位改革。     

法官养成机制的重构

自2013年底党的十八届三中全会审议通过《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》,至2020年初中共中央办公厅印发《关于深化司法责任制综合配套改革的意见》(以下简称《意见》),我国新一轮司法体制改革已走过大刀阔斧、汹涌激荡的6年。这6年中,人民法院深入调研、缜密谋划、统筹推进,成功搭建了司法体制改革的“四梁八柱”,改革整体成效显现。     

论法官也需“减负“

我国法院目前存在相对大的法官数量和积案率不断上升的现实,影响司法权威.其中一个主要原因就是法官的社会角色太多、分工不细所造成,这一现实也折射出当前对法官职业内涵认识误区,甚至司法不能独立的无奈.要改变这一点必须从一个认清,两个保障,三个剥离出发,为法官减去许多非职责内涵的负担.     

精细司法与法官自由裁量

个案公正是在尊崇理性形式法的前提下，按照公平、正义的基本理念对个案整体进行综合性价值考量，从而作出恰当性处理的司法过程。个案公正的实现依赖法官对个案正义问题的敏感度，也依赖于法官在制度框架内的勤勉程度。个案正义的实现需要司法精细化，而司法精细化需要法官能动地运用自由裁量。法官是戴枷的舞者，法官不能戴枷不舞。     

法官续造法的伦理分析

无论在英美法系亦或大陆法系国家,其法官在司法实践中都不可避免地要对法律进行解释,法官的司法解释行为一般被视为一种继续立法活动。然而,法律解释与法之续造并非是完全等同的两个概念,毋宁应该把法官的法之续造与法律解释理解为同一思维过程的不同阶段。事实上,这一思维过程可以分为三个阶段。虽然这三个阶段之间不能划出清晰的界限,然而其各自拥有典型的解释方法与技术。毋庸置疑,不管运用何种解释方法与技术,法官所从事的法的续造,都必须具有伦理正当性。这就意味着,我们应该对法官造法进行伦理分析。立基历史与逻辑相互统一的视角,本文在对法律解释目标及标准的确立伦理作了探析后,着重对法律内之法的续造和超越法律的法的续造这两个阶段进行了伦理审思。     

法官的保守与创新

法官对于现行法律的守成,需要保守,但是面对社会出现的新问题,应当勇于创新,以推动社会和法律的进步.法官在法律适用上的创新,必须有鲜明的社会立场,正确掌握应当适用的法律,面对法律空白敢于适用习惯和法理,且须有良好的法理修养和判断力.