试析中世纪早期沃尔霍夫河流域的拉多加文明

近年来,随着俄罗斯学术界对俄罗斯文化起源问题的探究,俄罗斯西北部地区的文化特征越来越受到学术界的重视.沃尔霍夫河位于欧俄的西北部,中世纪早期该水系曾加入南北贸易的大水路通道之中,成为东欧西北部地区海运(波罗的海)转河运所最先涉足的水域.可以说,沃尔霍夫河独特的地理位置使波罗的海文化世界和大陆文化世界在此交汇.而拉多加城位于沃尔霍夫河注入拉多加湖的河口处,可以看成是两个文化世界的交汇之点.中世纪的拉多加城凭借着自身相对发达的生产实践、突出的文化表现等优势,成为沃尔霍夫河流域早期文明中的一个有代表性的点.     

中俄历史中鲜为人知的“热尔图加共和国”

自1884年初冬，在俄国东部流传有关在中国热尔图加河上发现黄金宝藏的消息，大量人群涌入这个原始荒漠的河床，于是由不同民族拼合的所谓的“热尔图加共和国”建立了。“热尔图加共和国”（1884—1886年）设立了“采金事务所”，用以管理和协调当地的居民和黄金开采等事务。人们在“热尔图加共和国”利用简陋的工具破坏性地挖掘着黄金并用淘得的沙金寻欢作乐。1885年8月清政府加大驱逐中国漠河地区采金人的力度，经多次驱逐后所谓的“热尔图加共和国”灭亡。     

永远的加西莫多

加西莫多”是我以前的一个学生，他之所以有了这么一个雅号，就是因为他和《巴黎圣母院》里的钟楼怪人一样，太丑了！虽然我们从小就说一个人的美与丑不在于外表而是在于内心，但是“加西莫多”的外表实在不能让人喜欢。瘦小的身躯上顶着一个硕大的脑袋，头发永远是又脏又乱。你和他正面相对的时候，似乎只能看到一张嘴、一排牙，外加两个圆圆的鼻孔。长得已经有些惨不忍睹，身材好些也还能弥补一些不足。但是可怜的“加西莫多”，他的上身比下身还长，两条短短的腿还偏偏是罗圈的。唉……造物主对他实在是有些恶毒！“加西莫多”的成绩也是…     

马来人在泰国与新加坡民族关系中地位的比较

东南亚的马来人系指至今仍以“马来人”为族称的居民，是东南亚较大的一个跨界民族其中在马来西亚有９００余万人，在印度尼西亚有１０００多万人，在泰国有１８０万人，在新加坡有４０万人，在文莱有１４万人，共约２１００多万人（１９９４年）。东南亚马来人的祖先为蒙古人种马来类型中的新马来人，约在公元前１０００年开始从亚洲内陆逐渐南下，迁至中南半岛和马来半岛，经长期发展和融合，形成今天东南亚的马来民族。虽然他们居住在不同的国家，但在种族、语言、文化和宗教信仰方面基本一致。马来人在马来西亚和文莱是主体民族，在新加…     

黔东南三门塘侗寨采风

“法国寨” 去年11月14号，是我们这批北京作家到黔东南采风的第六天。上午从黎平出发，到锦屏的隆里，那是明代中原戍边将士定居届形成的城堡。宿隆里小城，叫人震撼和意外。中午带着无法平静的兴奋心情，路过锦屏县城，匆匆找到一个小店吃了热乎乎的肉锅子，便沿着清水江，转山林，走平坝，向剑河的方向赶路。出锦屏城不久，便进入了天柱县境。一听“天柱”，叫人立刻想到安徽的天柱山。我想，肯定这里的某座山势如冲天，故也叫“天柱”。     

莲花圣域九华山

化城寺位于九华山中心山谷，依山而建，巍峨庄严，四面群山环绕如城。初为山民诸葛节等创建，请金地藏于此驻锡，并据《法华经》中释迦牟尼佛“指地为城”故事，取名化城寺。唐德宗建中二年（公元781年），御赐化城寺匾额。化城寺为九华山唯一一座坐北朝南、呈中轴对称格局的寺院。历史上多次重修或扩建，现存主要建筑为光绪年间重建。     

艾特玛托夫《断头台》的宗教叙事与俄东正教文化

俄罗斯当代著名作家艾特玛托夫的魅力之一是，他的作品几乎都以人的精神和道德作为自己艺术观察的注意中心，小说《断头台》也是如此。作品描写了一个拯救失足者的悲剧。寻找一种能战胜庸人世界强大思想意识的力量，是小说的主旨。在艺术手法上，作者大胆创新、独辟蹊径，采用了宗教叙事手段，塑造了“当代耶稣”的形象并重新阐释了《圣经》中彼拉多与耶稣的对话。作家对拯救人类精神的道路的探寻，归根结底来自于在俄罗斯被信仰了千年的东正教的传统。     

北京的城和北京水

永定门重修使人又回忆起北京的城。北京城号称“里九外七皇城四”。这个形制是明清两朝北京城的形制，根据史料记载，辽时的北京称为南京，设立析津府，城周长三十里，设立八座城门。金称中都，城门设置十二门，东为施仁、宣曜、阳春，南为景风、丰宜、端礼，西为丽泽、灏华、彰义，北为会城、通元、崇智（《金史》说城门有十三门，北面还有光泰门，可能是某门的别称）。现今北京的某些地名还可依稀看出这些名称的遗意。     

让“低碳生活”渐行渐近

低碳，这个两年前才进入中国人视线的舶来词，自2009年12月哥本哈根气候大会后，开始高频率出现，在2010年全国“两会”上更是相当“走红”。“低碳生活”、“低碳经济”、“碳足迹”、“碳补偿”……这些倡导人们以节能减排的方式工作和生活的词汇，成为当下的流行语，逐渐为人们所熟知。     

本溪非凡的山水工业城

本溪市地处辽宁省东南部，总面积8411平方公里，总人口157万人，第一颗卫星上天、第一艘潜艇下水，都凝结着本溪人的聪明才智。本溪是沈阳经济幽诸城市的“后花园”；是中国第一个也是惟一一个以行政区划命名的国家级地质公园；是中国著名的老工业基地，一座现代山水工业城，一座优秀旅游城市。     

Inter-Korean relations and the roles of the US and of the EU

The North Korean nuclear standoff has escalated since North Korea let slip that it was developing nuclear weapons while James Kelly, U.S. Assistant Secretary of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, was visiting Pyongyang in October 2002. The Bush administration has acknowledged that the United States will not discount a preemptive military strike on the suspected nuclear development facilities, and North Korea has stood firm against any pressure to halt its nuclear development from the international community. Dialogue and meetings for international cooperation among the major countries concerned, including Korea, the U.S., Japan and China, have been activated to resolve the nuclear crisis in the Korean Peninsula, especially after the U.S. pronounced an end to its war against Iraq in early May of this year. In the middle of the rapidly changing situation on the Korean peninsula, the inter-Korean reconciliation and cooperation initiated by the Sunshine Policy of the Kim Dae Jung administration and followed by the Roh Moo-hyun administrations Policy of Peace and Prosperity are not separable from the nuclear situation. This paper follows recent developments of inter-Korean relations, illustrates South Koreas stance on the issue and suggests the EUs role on the nuclear issue. This is a revised version of the paper presented at the Asia-EU Journalists Seminar organized by the Asia Europe Foundation and the Korea Press Foundation (KPF), held in Brussels, Belgium, May 22 2003. Financial support from the KPF is gratefully acknowledged.     

美苏政治文化差异与冷战起源

一国政治文化对国家对外决策有不可忽视的影响。美苏政治文化中相互冲突的部分对两国战后初期外交决策以及冷战爆发产生重要影响，国家间的政治文化沟通对处理国家间相互关系具有重要意义。     

Strengthen the Communication Among the Youth and Enhance the Mutual Understanding and Trust

AttheinvitationoftheInternationalInitiativesofChangeAssociationofJapanIICAJIaccompa-niedMr.LiYangCouncilMemberofChineseAs-sociationforInternationalUnderstandingCAFIUonthevisittoJapanfromJune10to18andat-tendedthe27thInternationalConferenceoftheInitiativeofChangeinOdawara.DuringourstaythereweseparatelymetwithTutomuHataAdvi-sortotheIICAJandformerPrimeMinisterofJapanSomaYukikaHonoraryPresidentofIICAJToruHashimotoPresidentofIICAJandAdvisortotheJapanMizuhoFinancialGroupandD…     

海陆复合型地缘政治大国的战略选择与崛起成败

国际体系是一个复杂的利益交互系统,在系统中存在着众多战略层面的施动—反馈模式。地缘政治大国的安全战略选择决定了它与体系其他主要成员间的互动方式,互动方式决定了其可能面临的结构性压力,并最终影响到大国崛起的兴衰成败。通过本项研究可以发现:海陆复合型崛起大国的战略模式可以分为"区域陆权"战略、"全球海权"战略和"区域/全球海陆并举"战略。如果崛起大国尚未形成稳固的陆基周边环境,那么追求"区域陆权"战略是最优选择;如果拥有稳固陆基周边环境,那么追求"全球海权"战略是最优选择。而"海陆并举"战略因"同色竞争"原理,既可能同周边国家陷入"区域陆权"优势的安全困境,也可能同"全球海权"国家陷入争霸战争。因此,"海陆并举"战略往往容易造就一个反对自身崛起的海陆权力联姻。此外,追求单一的"差色互补"原理容易实现海陆功能分异背景下的战略结盟,进而影响大国崛起战略的操作实施。     

The EU and Libya and the Art of the Possible

In spite of geographic proximity and a number of shared interests, the European Union and Libya have a history of strained relations. The war of 2011 provided an opportunity for a fresh start, but so far neither side has been able to reap benefits from an entirely new political situation. Instead, Libya’s difficult internal situation has not only slowed down the process of rapprochement, but also increased EU concern. At a time when cooperation becomes a necessity rather than a choice, Libya is now down-spiralling into implosion at the levels of security, bureaucracy and economy, to the point where it cannot absorb the offers being made.     

抗击经济衰退：象和龙

由美国引发的经济危机已经席卷全球,无论是西方发达国家和地区如日本、欧盟,还是发展中国家如印度、中国,都已笼罩在全球经济衰退的阴影中。本文探讨作为正在崛起的亚洲大国——印度和中国,应采取怎样的措施遏制全球经济危机对本国经济造成更严重的伤害,以及印中两国如何借鉴对方在应对经济危机过程中采取的有效政策以尽快重新走上经济发展的正轨。     

China and the WTO: the theory and practice of compliance

Since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in December2001, attention has turned to the issue of whether or not Chinais a responsible member of the organization and how compliantChina is with WTO rules. This article discusses the difficultiesfaced by China, as a responsible rising power, in trying toadjust itself to global trading norms. It examines the theoryof compliance in international relations from the perspectivesof neo-realism, liberal institutionalism and social constructivism,and then tests these perspectives by examining the mechanismsused to gauge China's compliance, both bilaterally by the UnitedStates and multilaterally through the Dispute Settlement Mechanismand the Transition Review Mechanism of the WTO. The result ismixed: different opinions exist as to how compliant China hasbeen but, on the whole, most monitors agree that China has triedhard to comply with WTO requirements in various areas, thoughmuch remains to be done. The most severe tests will come inthe next few years when China's financial and service sectorswill have to face fundamental changes to the way they operate.     

Caught between Europe and the orient: Israel and the EMP

As the case of Transnistria illustrates, the politico-economic arrangements of de facto states are marked by a tendency to sacrifice the economy to political objectives. Despite non-recognition and limited local resources, these entities manage to make use of their ambiguous status and external support to sustain their claims to statehood. Yet, the priority of these claims over economic development, as well as strategies of survival in general can have unintended effects on unrecognised state-building projects, such as the emergence of a spin-off opposition or public disillusionment.     

Campaign Advertising and the Stimulation and Activation of the Authoritarian Personality

This research examines whether authoritarianism can be stimulated and activated by politicians. The traditional belief is that psychological traits are basically quasipermanent structures that consistently determine behavior, but newer research suggests that these traits can be stimulated. This research tests whether campaigns can stimulate traits with targeted messages. I do so by exposing subjects in an experiment to political television advertising that was designed to stimulate known correlates of authoritarianism, such as fear. The results show that authoritarianism is stimulated in treatment groups that watched advertising designed to invoke threat and the strong-father metaphor and the treatment effect is greater on conservatives. I also show that watching these commercials leads to an activation of authoritarianism that influences its predictive power over support for torture. This suggests that politicians can use emotional appeals to stimulate advantageous personality traits, and that these ads also influence the public's attitudes through activation.     

当代俄罗斯贫富分化的危机与超越

俄罗斯由转型而引发的贫富差距问题,对社会造成了许多负面影响,比如,道德规范下降,公民淡漠政治,公信力大大降低等。现如今,俄罗斯的贫富差距并没有消除,但整个社会形势却不断好转,人民的乐观情绪不断增长,国家也在稳定中不断走向复兴。从这些现实状况来看,俄罗斯社会似乎摆脱了贫富分化的纠结,已然超越到了另一个发展阶段。俄罗斯转型期的公共政策、阶层分化模式、阶层状况等一些措施与现实,不失为解释这两种情势变换更迭的有效途径。