我国社区矫正制度:缘起、问题与完善

社区矫正思想的产生与演进反映了现代社会对刑罚及行刑思想的理性探索。社区矫正制度的产生与发展符合行刑由严酷走向宽缓的国际趋势。我国实施社区矫正制度的前景取决于社会刑罚观念、社区的发育成熟度以及相关法律的完善程度。目前,社区矫正制度在我国施行中存在以下问题:其一,重刑主义思想在人们心目中的根深蒂固;其二,社会基础层面社区发育的不成熟;其三,法律规范层面社区矫正相关法律有待完善。我国可从以下三个方面解决实施社区矫正中存在的问题,完善社区矫正制度:其一,营造"宽严相济"思想的社会氛围;其二,进一步塑造社区矫正所需要的社会基础;其三,完善我国社区矫正制度的相关立法。     

明朝初期“重典治吏”思想的意义及启示

“重典治吏”思想在朱明王朝立国执政的纲要中占据指导性位置,其“有法必依,执法必严”的核心理念贯穿于整个明初社会的恢复和发展阶段,客观上缓和了阶级矛盾,促进了社会经济的发展,符合广大民众肃腐惩贪的愿望。反思当下依然严峻的反腐败斗争形势,明初的“重典治吏”思想有助于我们从思想根源上摆脱特权思想的牵制与羁绊,进一步提高反腐制度的执行力,在强化惩处的同时兼施奖励,做到德治与法治并举。     

Political Culture and Corporal Punishment in Public Schools

The use of corporal punishment in public elementary and secondaryschools was found to correlate with Sharkansky's political cultureindex. This is true not only for the simple correlation forwhich Pearson's r = 0.749 but also for correlations obtainedafter controlling for region.     

Backing Out or Backing In? Commitment and Consistency in Audience Costs Theory

Audience costs theory posits that domestic publics punish leaders for making an external threat and then backing down. One key mechanism driving this punishment involves the value the public places on consistency between their leaders’ statements and actions. If true, this mechanism should operate not only when leaders fail to implement threats, but also when they fail to honor promises to stay out of a conflict. We use a survey experiment to examine domestic responses to the president's decision to “back down” from public threats and “back into” foreign conflicts. We find the president loses support in both cases, but suffers more for “backing out” than “backing in.” These differential consequences are partially explained by asymmetries in the public's treatment of new information. Our findings strongly suggest that concerns over consistency undergird audience costs theory and that punishment for inconsistency will be incurred, regardless of the leader's initial policy course.     

论我国行政处罚听证程序的原则

行政处罚听证程序是正确实施行政处罚的关键。本文在说明了什么是听证以及听证的适用范围后,着重阐述了行政处罚听证程序的原则,即明确告知的原则、有求必听的原则、公开听证的原则、职能分离原则与回避原则、审核听证笔录的原则,以指导行政处罚听证程序的顺畅运行。     

论实施治安行政处罚履行告知程序的法律体系

根据《行政处罚法》和《治安管理处罚条例》等法律的有关规定 ,公安机关实施治安行政处罚履行告知程序的形式和内容是规范、系统和有层次的。其中公安机关在作出治安行政处罚决定之前 ,应当告知当事人作出治安行政处罚决定的事实、理由、依据和当事人依法享有陈述权、申辩权、要求举行听证权和确认权等 ;公安机关作出治安行政处罚决定之时 ,应当告知当事人依法享有的申诉权、起诉权、提出国家行政赔偿权和暂缓执行权等 ;公安机关在作出行政处罚决定之后 ,应当告知当事人依法享有的拒绝缴纳罚款权、暂缓或者分期缴纳罚款权 ;公安机关在实施治安行政处罚的过程中 ,应当告知当事人依法履行改正违反治安管理行为、协助公安机关进行调查、履行治安行政处罚决定和承担民事责任等法定义务。     

Supreme Court Legitimacy and Group-Centric Forces: Black Support for Capital Punishment and Affirmative Action

The Supreme Court has addressed capital punishment and affirmative action many times and, as a result, has had sweeping policymaking effects. For that reason, we argue that black opinion on capital punishment and affirmative action will be shaped by diffuse support for the Court. We also recognize the important role of group-centric forces in shaping black opinion. We find that diffuse support for the Court leads blacks with lower levels of race consciousness to be more supportive of capital punishment and less supportive of affirmative action, positions in line with the Court's decisions on these issues but contrary to black interests. The Court, however, is not able to throw its cloak of legitimacy around its policy position for blacks with the highest levels of group consciousness.     

The dynamics of issue competence and vote for parties in and out of power: An analysis of valence in Britain, 1979–1997

This article develops the reward‐punishment issue model of voting using a newly collated aggregate measure of issue competence in Britain between 1971 and 1997, revealing systematic differences between governing and opposition parties in the way citizens' evaluations of party competence are related to vote intention. Using monthly Gallup ‘best party to handle the most important problem’ and vote intention data, time series Granger‐causation tests give support to a classic issue reward‐punishment model for incumbents. However, for opposition parties this reward‐punishment model does not hold: macro‐issue competence evaluations are Granger‐caused by changes in vote choice or governing party competence. An explanation is offered based upon the differentiating role of policy performance and informational asymmetries, and the implications are considered for comparative studies of voting, public opinion and for political party competition.     

美国反商业贿赂的惩防机制研究——以美国控制组件公司案件为例

商业贿赂是一种影响全球经济社会发展的腐败现象,通过美国控制组件公司商业贿赂案例的研究,分析美国在反商业贿赂领域的惩防制度体系。针对美国反商业贿赂法律的制定、执法机构的分工以及惩处体系等方面的研究分析,在借鉴美国反商业贿赂成功经验的基础上,结合我国反商业贿赂的现实情况,提出完善我国反商业贿赂惩防机制的政策建议,为加强反商业贿赂惩防机制的建设提供理论与实践参考。     

纪检监察信访举报工作在惩防体系中的功能及其实现

纪检监察信访举报工作对惩防体系中的廉政教育、腐败预防、权力监控、纠风机制、反腐案件、体系考核等多个环节发挥重要功能,是惩治和预防腐败体系建设的重要组成部分,其输入的信访信息为惩防体系的运作提供针对性的依据。十八大之后,反腐倡廉工作和惩防体系建设面临着新形势,对纪检监察信访举报工作提出了新的要求。因此,要从完善信访工作理念、畅通信访渠道、加强信访干部队伍能力建设、创新信访工作方式方法、健全信访工作体制机制着手,不断提高纪检监察信访举报工作的科学化水平。     

腐败行为及其治理选择——基于前景理论的研究

提出一个应用前景理论研究腐败行为的分析架构,考察腐败行为的特征、治理手段及其效率。研究发现,对于存在非理性偏差的腐败行为,加大惩罚力度的效果取决于行为人所受处罚的相对风险规避度量,一定条件下存在"惩罚陷阱":加大惩处力度反而使行为人加大腐败投入,选择高风险的腐败行为,此时行为人存在极端的赌徒心态。一个弹性的惩罚制度等同于一个对腐败的边际惩罚递减的惩罚制度,会增加行为人的腐败价值预期,增强行为人逃避严惩的侥幸心理,加剧腐败行为蔓延。并且,弹性越大,行为人绝对风险规避度越小,腐败行为的收入预期越高,腐败蔓延的速度越快。高薪的激励效果则依赖于监督惩罚环境、薪酬支付体系与行为人的价值取向。对处于经济转型的发展中国家而言,经济发展不平衡,利益矛盾冲突加剧,强烈冲击人们的价值取向与行为规范,行为人不患寡而患不均,提高官员薪酬的激励手段难以取得好的反腐效果。优化监督执法环境与公务员的选才机制是治理腐败的有效手段。     

自由刑执行期间的罚金刑执行若干问题研究

被同时判处自由刑和罚金刑的罪犯在自由刑执行期间应主动缴纳罚金；罚金刑执行机关应积极履行职责执行罚金刑,自由刑执行机关应积极配合.人民法院应当将罚金刑的执行情况纳入对罪犯减刑、假释的审查范围,在罪犯符合刑法以及相关司法解释规定的减刑、假释适用条件的前提下,区分罪犯未缴纳罚金的具体原因来决定是否对罪犯予以减刑、假释.有关机关之间关于罪犯罚金刑缴纳情况的沟通应当顺畅,信息应当对称,以保证对罪犯正确适用减刑、假释制度.     

论刑罚谦抑性的建构途径选择——以司法运用为视角

刑罚谦抑性是刑法越来越重要的品质,本文从刑罚谦抑性的概念出发,指出其理论及现实基础,进而从立法、司法、行刑三个路径分析现代中国刑罚谦抑性建构的途径。     

Leader Incentives and Civil War Outcomes

This article examines the influence that rebel and state leaders have on civil war outcomes, arguing that incentives to avoid punishment influence their strategic decision making during war.  Leaders in civil war face punishment from two sources: internal audiences and opponents. I hypothesize that leaders who bear responsibility for involvement in the war have a higher expectation of punishment from both sources following unfavorable war performance, and thus, have incentives to continue the fight in the hope of turning the tide and avoiding the negative consequences of defeat. These incentives, in turn, make leaders who bear responsibility more likely to fight to an extreme outcome and less likely to make concessions to end the war.  These propositions are tested on an original data set identifying all rebel and state leaders in all civil conflict dyads ongoing between 1980 and 2011.  Results support the hypothesized relationships between leader responsibility and war outcomes.     

论我国刑种结构设置的调整——从行政犯罪角度展开的思考

行政犯罪已经发展成为我国当前的一种重要犯罪形态。而我国现行刑罚结构与刑种设置更加契合传统刑事犯罪的特质，因此，以提高刑罚实效为目标，以处遇行政犯罪为突破口，有针对性地对现行刑种设置进行适当调整是本文主要的论证主旨。     

Prison Decayed: Cinematic Penal Discourse and Populism 1995–2005

The increased populist and punitive turn in criminal justice policy in the United Kingdom over recent years has led to punishment becoming politicised, harsher and more ostentatious. The role of media and popular culture discourses of prison is rarely examined in this account. Adopting a Foucauldian discourse analysis of prison films released over the past 10 years, this article explores the prison film as one important element of the discursive regime. It seeks to investigate what representational practices are at work, how they limit the meaning of prison and prisoners, and how this may contribute to debates about the nature and aim of prison in contemporary society. It argues that several discursive practices exist in cinematic representations of the incarceration that strengthen support for the use of prison. The explicit and recurring depiction of violence in most prison films over the past 10 years, while appearing to offer evidence for prison reform, does the opposite. This paper suggests that discourses around the futility and inhumanity of incarceration are scant, replaced by scenes of prison violence; rape and death appear, which appear to exist purely for the pleasure of the spectator: a generic feature of the prison film. Secondly, prisoners are largely constructed as an inhuman other: a danger to society and deserving of harsh punishment. Consequently, the discursive regime of prison in cinema over the past decade constructs prison as not only necessary, but as the only process for crime control and reduction.     

澳大利亚国立大学科研活动防止利益冲突的政策实践及启示

目前,由于我国有关科研活动利益冲突的制度不够完善,科研活动中的利益冲突现象屡屡发生,已经严重影响到高校科研活动的正常开展。澳大利亚国立大学已形成了一套成熟的防止利益冲突政策体系和监管机制,包括研究机构必须制定有关防止潜在利益冲突的政策;在科研活动中,研究人员感觉到有涉及利益冲突内容的,应自行回避等一系列有关利益冲突的披露、回避、管理与消除、调查与处罚的内容。澳大利亚国立大学设置了专门机构和人员,为学校的教职工和所有学生提供科研诚信方面的咨询及负责对学术不端行为的调查及处罚。因此,有必要借鉴澳大利亚国立大学科研活动利益冲突防范的成功经验,结合我国科研活动利益冲突的现状,从教育、制度、监督、惩处等方面采取措施,建立完善防止利益冲突的政策体系和监管机制,促进我国的科研事业健康发展。     

新加坡的廉政机制及其启示

廉洁教育机制、权力制约机制、廉政激励机制、腐败惩治机制构成了新加坡廉政机制的完整体系,确保了廉政建设的显著成效。新加坡廉政机制建设的成功经验启示我们,深入推进反腐倡廉建设、不断开创廉政建设的新局面,需要从中国国情出发,兼收并蓄东西方廉政建设的有益经验,构建符合中国实际的廉政建设机制;法治、德治双管齐下,为廉政建设营造良好的环境;严厉惩治和大力激励并用,形成良好的从政导向,为廉政建设提供切实的重要保证。     

State Public Opinion, the Death Penalty, and the Practice of Electing Judges

Do state supreme courts act impartially or are they swayed by public opinion? Do judicial elections influence judge behavior? To date these questions have received little direct attention due to the absence of comparable public opinion data in states and obstacles to collecting data necessary for comprehensive analysis of state supreme court outcomes. Advances in measurement, data archiving, and methodology now allow for consideration of the link between public opinion and judicial outcomes in the American states. The analysis presented considers public opinion's influence on the composition of courts (indirect effects) and its influence on judge votes in capital punishment cases (direct effects). In elective state supreme courts, public support for capital punishment influences the ideological composition of those courts and judge willingness to uphold death sentences. Notably, public support for capital punishment has no measurable effect on nonelective state supreme courts. On the highly salient issue of the death penalty, mass opinion and the institution of electing judges systematically influence court composition and judge behavior.     

韩非子廉政思想及其启示

从西周时期的＂以德配天,明德慎罚＂的立法思想,到孔儒学派提出的＂德主刑辅＂的法制建设理念,中国在很长的历史时期都将道德作为主要的规范手段和标准,弱化了法律的作用。韩非子作为法家的集大成者始终推崇以法治国,从本＂法＂兴廉、以＂术＂促廉、因＂势＂倡廉三个角度构建了自己的廉政思想。韩非子主张法治,强调以法治贪;主张用贤,强调吏治监控;主张严刑,强调信赏必罚。其提倡的严刑罚、重权势、因人情等理念,对当代社会的廉政建设仍有一定的借鉴意义。