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1.
Suicide by Cop (SbC) incidents, police-related deaths that could be considered suicides due to the subject's precipitated actions that demonstrate suicidal motivations through words or behavior are difficult to classify. The subjects’ intent is not understood, and risk factors for SbC incidents include the complication of others’ interactions. The current study advances a set of indicators that help classify police shootings that could be considered SbC.Using a modification of the decision tree developed by Best, Quigley, & Bailey (2004) to assess suicidal intentions of police shootings through observable acts, the current study compares cases classified as self-inflicted suicide or suicide attempts with those classified as SbC cases in the Hostage Barricade Data System (HOBAS).Overall the model increased the percentage of cases correctly predicted to 97.9 percent, 16.9 percent beyond chance. The primary indicators are significant. Other historical or situational variables did not improve the odds of predicting the SbC versus self-inflicted suicides. 相似文献
2.
Sex determination is a necessary step in the investigation of unidentified human remains from a forensic context. Teeth, as one of the strongest tissues in the human body, can be used for this purpose. Most studies of sexual dimorphism in teeth are based on the traditional mesiodistal and buccolingual crown measurements. The purpose of this study is to examine the degree of sexual dimorphism in permanent molars of modern Greeks using crown and cervical diagonal diameters, and to evaluate their applicability in sex determination. A total of 344 permanent molars in 107 individuals (53 male and 54 female) from the Athens Collection were examined. Crown and cervical diagonal diameters of both maxillary and mandibular molars were measured. It was found that males have larger molars than females and in 19 out of 24 dimensions measured male molars exceeded female molars significantly (P<0.05). The most dimorphic molars are the maxillary second molar, and the mandibular second and first molars. Although other molars were also sexually dimorphic they did not have a statistically significant difference in all dimensions. Cervical diagonal diameters have found to be more sexually diamorphic than crown diagonal diameters. In discriminant function analysis the variables entered more frequently were the cervical diagonal diameters mainly of mandibular molars. Classification accuracy was found to be 93% for the total sample, 77.4% for upper jaw, and 88.4% for the lower jaw. Accuracy rates were higher for cervical than crown diagonal diameters. The data generated from the present study suggest that this metric method can be useful and reliable for sex determination, especially when the traditional dental measurements are not applicable. 相似文献
3.
There is increasing evidence that some individuals actively seek to bring about their own deaths by provoking armed police officers to shoot them. The current paper examines 22 police shooting incidents, nine fatal, between 1998 and 2001, to assess the likelihood of suicidal motivation in each of these cases. All 22 individuals shot were male, 18 were white, three black and one Asian and ages ranged from 18 to 51. Around half of the shootings examined have some evidence indicating a suicidal motive in those shot, with further indications of irrational behaviour in a number of the other cases. This has clear implications for the choice of police strategy in responding to such incidents and an imperative to develop ‘less lethal’ options to minimise the risk to such vulnerable populations. 相似文献
4.
The authors suggest to reserve the expression "combined" suicide to cases, where a combination of several suicide methods were previously intended. The other cases, where the victims proceed from ohne failing attempt to the other by using different methods and finally succeed after a certain period should be called "protracted" or "prolongated" suicides. Two typical cases are presented. In the first case a young man tried to commit suicide by causing a traffic accident, then tried to stab himself. Afterwards he ingested motor oil and tranquillizers and finally succeeds in jumping from a crane. The second case deals with an elderly man who tried to kill himself by stabbing at the chest and the head. After he failed, he was drinking kerosene and at last he was throwing himself out of a window. 相似文献
5.
M Kleiber 《Archiv für Kriminologie》1987,179(5-6):154-160
It is supposed that some fatal aviation accidents of "cause unknown" especially of light and private airplanes are possibly intended by a suicidal act. However it is difficult to prove this suggestion. A case of a light aircraft accident is reported in which the medicolegal autopsy and the police investigation revealed, unexpected, a simultaneous homicide and suicide caused by a stabbing attack on the pilot. This paper stresses the importance of autopsies of the victims in aircraft accident investigation and discuss the medicolegal and psychopathological aspects of the case. 相似文献
6.
Abstract In the present experiment the effects of physical effort on police officers' aggression and perception in simulates shooting incidents were investigated. Based upon Kahneman's (1973) variable-allocation capacity model it was hypothesized that physical effort will result in a decease in aggression towards aggressive offenders. Based upon Kahneman's model and Easterbrook's (1959) Cue-Utilization-Hypothesis it was further expected that this decrease in aggression will be caused by an incorrect judgement of the aggression of aggressive offenders (and not by an impaired perception). The findings confirmed these hypotheses. 相似文献
7.
In a woman found dead with cuts on both arms in a domestic sauna plastered with blood were assumed next to a bleed to death. The question self-infliction or by a third party of arm injuries could not be decided. By investigation of blood traces only could be clarified the cause of death. The husband had strangled his wife and inflicted several cuts on both arms with a razor blade to simulate suicide. Afterwards, he also inflicted several cuts on himself with a razor blade with the intention of suicide. He survived these injuries. 相似文献
8.
Jerome H. Skolnick 《Criminal justice ethics》2013,32(2):40-54
John Braithwaite and Philip Pettit, Not Just Deserts: A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1990, vii + 229 pp. 相似文献
9.
Oscar G. Mink A. Steven Dietz Jerri Mink 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2000,15(2):21-29
The majority of police cadets, upon being sworn in and becoming rookie officers, enter their law enforcement organization
and actively seek connections that they hope will be fulfilling and meaningful as well as provide a sense of belonging, security,
honesty, mutual understanding, and trust. They strive to be the best that they can be. To the extent that healthy relationships
form, the individual officer moves closer towards achieving a sense of wellness and a sense of personal wholeness that typically
translates into optimum commitment to and performance on the job. However, to the extent that relationships are embedded in
a culture of corruption and meta-pathologies such as dishonesty, an officer's sense of well-being will forever fall short
of achieving wholeness and less than optimum performance will be achieved. As the culture continues to become increasingly
more toxic, the individual's performance will continue to decline (Trott, 1996, Yerly, 2000).
The Mink Group 相似文献
10.
William U. Weiss Robert Davis Cary Rostow Sarah Kinsman 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2003,18(1):57-60
The MMPI has been used extensively in the selection of law enforcement personnel. Because police officer candidates have been
preselected, however, individuals with obvious mental disturbance have been screened out of the candidate pool before evaluation.
It is necessary to search for more subtle variables to serve as predictors of unsatisfactory future performance. The L scale
is a subtle variable which can suggest potential for problematic behavior. The value of the L scale in the selection process
is discussed.
Authors' Note: William U. Weiss, Ph.D., is professor of psychology. The University of Evansville, 1800 Lincoln Av., Evansville, IN 47722.
Robert Davis, Ph.D., is executive vice-president and director of science, research, and development, for Matrix, Inc., and
Cary Rostow, Ph.D., is president of Matrix, Inc., Baton Rouge, LA. Sarah Kinsman was a psychology major at the University
of Evansville at the time this research was conducted. 相似文献
11.
Livy Visano 《Critical Criminology》1990,2(1):105-115
Criminologists have long been interested in the relationship between policing and community participation. Traditionally,
it has been argued that law enforcement agencies are dependent upon the general community for crime information. Recently,
however, there is a growing interest among criminologists to explore the dependency relations police create within different
subpopulations, especially diverse street subcultures.
This study explores the social organization of police-street hustlers relations. Using qualitative data on 70 hustlers and
50 police officers, we examine how crime is manipulated as a commodity in advancing the interests of informers and the police.
It is argued that although separate and unrelated situational factors are important, a more comprehensive understanding of
the nature of these exchanges warrants an investigation of social networks and law. It is concluded that the informal contexts
of law significantly pervade the informal contexts of these encounters. This topic demands considerable attention given the
lack of organizational policies or standards which jeopardizes public confidence and erodes the informer's constitutional
protections. 相似文献
12.
A 34 years old man shot himself by a selfmade muzzle-loader. He pluged one end of a waterpipe, used a cylindrical lead shot (Cal. 1.2 cm, length 2.15 cm, mass 22.7 g), special black powder (about 4 g, from fire-crackers; powder with an admixture of aluminium) and kindled the weapon in front of his chest by a slowmatch. He died immediately by retained missile of chest. The weapon flew away like a rocket. Unused projectils and powder (found in the flat) and the uninjured pipe allowed to copy the event. Velocity and energy of shot and weapon were determined, also the recoil of the pipe and the highest force of a hand to hold it fast. Experimental investigations and calculations correspondet well to the findings af the case. 相似文献
13.
Police departments have come under increasing pressure from community groups, professional organizations, and their constituents to hire more female and minority officers. Although prior research suggested that there might be both gender and racial differences in the factors influencing the decision to enter police work, much of the work was dated and findings were mixed. The current research, conducted in spring 2002, examined motivations for entering police work among a sample of 278 academy recruits in the New York City Police Department (NYPD). Findings indicated that motivations for becoming a police officer were similar regardless of race or gender, and the most influential factors were altruistic and practical, specifically the opportunity to help others, job benefits, and security. Minor differences did emerge among male and female recruits, as well as among Whites, Hispanics, and African Americans, but the practical implications of those differences seemed limited. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for recruitment efforts as police departments seek to draw more diverse applicant pools and build more representative law enforcement agencies. 相似文献
14.
15.
Brożek-Mucha Z 《Forensic science international》2011,210(1-3):31-41
A study of the chemical contents and sizes of gunshot residue originating from 9×18mm PM ammunition, depositing in the vicinity of the shooting person was performed by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Samples of the residue were collected from targets placed at various distances in the range 0-100cm as well as from hands and clothing of the shooting person. Targets were covered by fragments of white cotton fabric or black bovine leather. In the case of cotton targets microtraces were collected from circles of 5 and 10cm in radius. Results of the examinations in the form of numbers of particles, proportions of their chemical classes and dimensions revealed a dependence on the distance from the gun muzzle, both in the direction of shooting and in the opposite one, i.e., on the shooting person. The parameters describing gunshot residue differed also depending on the kind of the target substrate. The kind of obtained information gives rise to understanding the general rules of the dispersion of gunshot residue in the surroundings of the shooting gun. Thus, it may be utilised in the reconstruction of shooting incidences, especially in establishing the mutual positions of the shooter and other participants of the incident. 相似文献
16.
In January 1990 amnesty international stated a report concerning 128 cases of alleged torture by the police in Austria since december 1984. Our material consists of 31 cases, three case reports are given in detail. Problems of medical expertise are discussed. It may be difficult to rule out injuries which are caused by accident or self inflicted. Some methods of torture (certain kinds of asphyxia for example) may be impossible to trace. 相似文献
17.
S Cordner 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》1987,8(2):139-141
A case is presented of self-inflicted injuries alleged to have been sustained during an assault by police. A summary is given of the factors in this case differentiating between self-inflicted injuries and those due to an assault. The desirability of taking photographs of injuries in cases of alleged assault and the importance of keeping an open mind when assessing injuries are emphasised. The need for greater awareness in the medical and legal professions of the advantages of a forensic medical opinion in the assessment of injuries is mentioned. 相似文献
18.
There were more than 30,000 suicides in 1998 in Japan, and since then, the numbers have remained high. In 2009, the number of suicides per a day was c. 90. This phenomenon constitutes a major social problem. One of the major reasons for the rapid increase in the number of suicides appears to be the worsening economic problems. It is therefore necessary to research the relationship between economic issues and suicide. In this study, we examined the relationship between the value of the Nikkei Stock Average and suicide rates in Japan. The value of the Nikkei Stock Average may be related to suicide among men. On the basis of the results, relevant researchers and organizations should understand the factors that relate to suicide to better carry out specific suicide prevention measures. 相似文献
19.
20.
A practical expert task--to estimate shot distance and order of shots made in two victims from a gun with muffler--is described as illustration of opportunities of the complex investigation with experimental shots and emission spectral analysis of the targets. Distribution of the shot soot on the targets in shooting from the distance up to 1 m is analyzed. 相似文献