关于恐怖主义犯罪心理和行为特点的初步研究

恐怖主义犯罪作为由某些组织或国家在恐怖主义理念支配下,通过暴力或其他危险方法造成社会恐怖,以实现其政治、宗教或其他意识形态目的的犯罪行为,是一种新的犯罪样态。这种犯罪往往具有较为独特的认知、情感特点和意志品质,也具有较为独特的行为特点。为更好的打击、预防这种犯罪。应加强其心理和行为特点的研究。     

Pollen on grass clippings: putting the suspect at the scene of the crime.

In a case of alleged sexual assault, the pollen content of samples of grass clippings and soil from the suspect's clothing and shoes was compared to that of a sample of grass clippings from the alleged crime scene (a grassy area) to determine whether or not the suspect had been at the scene. The clothing and shoe samples showed a very strong correlation with each other and with the sample from the alleged crime scene in the combination of the different types of pollen present, very strongly supporting the contention that the suspect had been at the scene.     

The value of DNA material recovered from crime scenes

Abstract:  DNA material is now collected routinely from crime scenes for a wide range of offenses and its timely processing is acknowledged as a key element to its success in solving crime. An analysis of the processing of approximately 1500 samples of DNA material recovered from the property crime offenses of residential burglary, commercial burglary, and theft of motor vehicle in Northamptonshire, U.K. during 2006 identified saliva and cigarette ends as the main sources of DNA recovered (approximately 63% of samples) with blood, cellular DNA, and chewing gum accounting for the remainder. The conversion of these DNA samples into DNA profiles and then into matches with offender profiles held on the U.K. National DNA database is considered in terms of the ease with which Crime Scene Examiners can recover DNA rich samples of different sources, the location of the DNA at the crime scene, and its mobility. A logistical regression of the DNA material recovered has revealed a number of predictors, other than timeliness, that greatly influence its conversion into a DNA profile. The most significant predictor was found to be Crime Scene Examiner accreditation with offense type and DNA sample condition also being relevant. A similar logistical regression of DNA samples profiled that produced a match with an offender on the U.K. National DNA database showed no significance with any of the predictors considered.     

Linkage between internal migration and crime: Evidence from India

Migration has been a major source of human survival, adaptation, and economic change over centuries across regions. Today, more than ever, migration forms a central part of the global flow of humans, practices, and ideas. However, from a social point of view, migration is often considered as a potential source of social disorder and crime. Several explanations have been provided on this aspect in Indian context but none of these provide a sound analysis of the linkage between migration and crime. This paper attempts to investigate empirically the association between interstate migration and crime in India. Our analysis does not show any significant association between interstate migration and crime. Therefore, this study discards the controversial thought that migration is responsible for increasing crime in the nation, and suggests adopting constructive means to control crime rather than staring at migration.     

交通肇事案中的证据问题

交通事故认定在刑事诉讼中的证据功能的合理解说,推定在替代证据证明方面的必要性,交通肇事证据体系中主观评价因果的介入,排除合理怀疑证明要求的把握,不完美证据下判定刑事责任的基础事实范围的界定,等等,对这些问题的深刻阐研,必将有益于完善立法、丰富理论和解决实践中的纷争.     

More police,less crime: Evidence from US state data

Economic theory suggests police and crime are negatively correlated. However, it is surprisingly difficult to demonstrate this relation empirically, as areas with greater numbers of crimes tend to hire more police. In order to resolve this simultaneity, we begin by exploring the structure of the financial relationship existing between state and local governments, arguing that variations in state tax rates can serve as an instrumental variable for local police numbers. Two-stage least square (2SLS) result show that the elasticity of police presence with respect to crime is about ?1.1 for violent crime, and ?0.9 for property crime. These results are mostly significant, and are more negative than those obtained under OLS. Overall, our estimations suggest that police does reduce crime.     

Economic structure and vulnerability to organised crime: Evidence from Sicily

The economic analysis of organised crime suggests that some economic activities are particularly vulnerable to penetration by criminal organisations. This paper provides an analysis of the structure of the Sicilian economy and shows that, when compared with other Italian regions, it is characterised by a disproportionate presence of such activities. In particular, the economy of Sicily appears characterised by: (i) a large dimension of traditional sectors, such as the Construction sector, which also has a strong territorial specificity; (ii) a large presence of small firms; (iii) a low level of technology; (iii) a large public sector. The joint presence of these features creates fertile soil for the typical activities of organised crime, such as extortion and cartel enforcement. Hence, we propose an alternative explanation of the persistence of organised crime with respect to explanations based on cultural and social factors.     

两种DNA提取法对签字笔上脱落细胞STR分型比较

目的比较Chelex-100法和硅珠法两种DNA提取法,在签字笔上附着微量脱落上皮细胞分型中的应用效果。方法 17名志愿者每人使用14支签字笔,每支笔每天使用20min,为期1个月,平均分为两组,分别保存1、3、5、7、14、21和28d,同时运用Chelex-100法和硅珠法两种方法提取签字笔上遗留微量脱落细胞中的DNA,用Identifiler复合扩增系统在AB I 3100遗传分析仪上对这些DNA样品进行STR分型,同时采集上述17名志愿者口腔拭子作为对照。结果以基因座检出个数为指标,使用后签字笔保存1、3、5、7、14、21和28d后,采用Chelex-100法和硅珠法两种方法提取DNA并进行分型检出的基因座个数相比差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);口腔拭子保存1、3、5、7、14、21和28d后,采用Chelex-100法和硅珠法两种方法提取DNA并进行分型检出的基因座个数相比差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于微量检材,应用硅珠法提取的DNA分型效果明显优于Chelex-100法,具有较高的应用价值,而在检材量比较多时区别不明显。     

Gender convergence in crime: Evidence from Canadian adult offense charge data

This study provided some new empirical evidence relating to the hypothesis that there was convergence between certain male and female offenses over time. Using time-series data for adults charged with offenses in Canada over the period 1983 to 2000, several formal statistical tests of this convergence hypothesis were conducted. This study allowed for the particular characteristics of the data, such as various types of structural breaks and changes over time in the process that generated the data. A number of new tests that had not previously been applied to this problem were employed, and the results that were obtained provided the first strong evidence in favor of gender-convergence for a range of offenses in Canada.     

Chelex-100法提取脱落细胞检材DNA的实时定量研究

目的研究脱落细胞检材DNA检验的简便有效的提取方法。方法对76份包括帽子、眼镜、牙刷、剃须刀、梳子、口香糖、羊水在内的7种脱落细胞检材采用Chelex-100法提取DNA,在ABI7500型荧光定量PCR仪上进行定量,同时用Identifiler复合扩增系统扩增,在ABI3130遗传分析仪上进行STR分型。结果从帽子（头套）中获得的脱落细胞DNA平均含量为8.31ng,眼镜擦拭物上获得的脱落细胞DNA平均含量为6.20ng,牙刷上获得的脱落细胞DNA平均含量为49.40ng,剃须刀擦拭物上获得的脱落细胞DNA平均含量为6.92ng、梳子擦拭物上获得的的脱落细胞DNA平均含量为10.68ng,口香糖的脱落细胞DNA平均含量为16.30ng,羊水的脱落细胞DNA平均含量为320ng。以上76份检材性别及10个以上STR位点分型成功率为75.8%。结论从帽子、眼镜、牙刷、剃须刀、梳子、口香糖、羊水等检材提取的脱落细胞可用Chelex-100法提取DNA作STR分型。     

Use of fecal material to associate a suspect with a crime scene: report of two cases

Fecal matter analyses were applied to two cases: a homicide and a robbery. Scrapings of fecal matter removed from samples of clothing obtained from a homicide suspect were examined for their plant cell and cell fragment content and compared with fecal matter from a rape-homicide victim and scrapings from her clothing. Scrapings were hydrated and examined microscopically. Types of food plants were identified from the observed cells by comparison with known food plants. A similar analysis was conducted on the clothing of a robbery suspect and compared with fecal material left at the crime scene. The results showed that, respectively in the two cases, the reference samples were remarkably similar, if not identical, to those from the suspects' clothing.     

Value of DNA evidence in detecting crime

DNA material is now collected routinely from crime scenes for a wide range of offences and the timely processing of the DNA is seen as key to its success in investigating and detecting crime. An analysis of DNA material recovered from the volume crime offences of residential burglary, commercial burglary, and theft of motor vehicle in Northamptonshire, U.K., in 2004 has enabled the DNA to be categorized into seven sources. Further analysis using a logistical regression has revealed a number of predictors, other than timeliness, that greatly influence whether the DNA material recovered from a crime scene enables the crime to be detected. The results indicate that a number of these predictors are of statistical significance and may be just as relevant in determining whether DNA successfully detects the crime as the timeliness of the processing of the DNA material. The most significant predictor was found to be investigating officer accreditation with location, quantity, and type of DNA material at the crime scene also being relevant. Accreditation of the Crime Scene Examiner recovering the DNA material was found not to be significant. Consideration is given to where further emphasis is needed by the U.K. police service to maximize the opportunities to detect volume crime with DNA.     

签字笔上附着的脱落上皮细胞STR分型

目的 探讨遗留在签字笔上微量脱落细胞DNA分型的可行性以及保存时间对分型的影响.方法 17名志愿者每人使用7支签字笔,每支笔每天使用20 min,为期1个月,分别保存1、3、5、7、14、21和28 d,运用硅珠法提取签字笔上微量脱落细胞中的DNA,应用荧光标记PCR-STR技术进行DNA分型,同时采集上述17名志愿者口腔拭子作为对照,分析签字笔作为检材进行DNA分型的可行性以及保存时间对DNA分型的影响. 结果以基因座检出个数为指标,签字笔脱落细胞和口腔拭子的DNA分型结果随保存时间变化而产生的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).签字笔保存1、3、5、7、14、21和28 d后进行DNA分型检出的基因座个数与对应的口腔拭子DNA分型检出的基因座个数相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).签字笔使用后保存1 d进行DNA分型.可明确判读12个以上基因座的占41.2%. 结论签字笔上附着的微量手指脱落细胞可作为一种法庭生物检材进行DNA分型,但其保存时间会影响DNA分型.     

诉讼法视野中的法医DNA证据研究

作为一种科学证据,法医DNA证据在凶杀、性犯罪等案件的审判中被广泛运用。但是该证据能否最终被法庭采纳,取决于其提取、保管、送检以及鉴定过程中是否受到一系列严格的诉讼程序加以规范,并经过庭审的质证,从而最终通过法庭的审查判断。而庭审质证能否有效进行,又与警察、鉴定人出庭作证以及交叉询问制度的真正确立息息相关。     

诉讼法视野中的法医DNA证据研究

作为一种科学证据,法医DNA证据在凶杀、性犯罪等案件的审判中被广泛运用。但是该证据能否最终被法庭采纳,取决于其提取、保管、送检以及鉴定过程中是否受到一系列严格的诉讼程序加以规范,并经过庭审的质证,从而最终通过法庭的审查判断。而庭审质证能否有效进行,又与警察、鉴定人出庭作证以及交叉询问制度的真正确立息息相关。     

The effect of police on crime,disorder and victim precaution. Evidence from a Dutch victimization survey

Using individual data from a large-scale Dutch crime victimization survey, we are able to expand the analysis of the effect of police on crime to crimes types that do not easily find their way into police statistics, and to public disorder and victim precaution. To address heterogeneity and simultaneity in the relation between police and crime, we model the police funding formula – used to distribute police resources across municipalities – to identify the endogenous variation in police levels. We use the remaining variation in police levels to identify the effect of police. We find significantly negative effects of higher police levels on property and violent crime, public disorder, and victim precaution. The effect on victim precaution is a hitherto largely ignored benefit of higher police levels not reflected in lower rates of crime and public disorder.     

试论如何正确应用DNA证据

拟构建一套正确应用DNA证据的逻辑框架,以避免DNA证据被错误解读和运用,明确法庭科学家和法庭审判者在DNA证据应用中的权责界限,保障事实认定之准确性和司法审判之公正性。提出了以概率统计学为工具,实现从“匹配”到“来源”之逻辑转化的必要性、合理性以及初步构想,并对当下主要的DNA证据解释方法予以分类和评价。     

DNA证据的价值

近十多年来,基因科技得到了迅速发展,其被应用的领域越来越广泛,DNA证据被引入法庭就是其中一例.由于DNA证据与证人陈述等言词证据不同,它从一开始就被认为是不可撼动的铁证.然而,DNA证据的获得是一个由人操作、完成的过程,因此,DNA证据的价值也受多方面的影响.