四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度的数字X线测量

目的测量四川汉族青少年(8～20岁)人群面部中线软组织厚度,探讨其生长发育变化规律,为法医人类学的面部重建提供的基础数据。方法选取974例(男496,女478)头颅侧位数字X线片,分13个年龄段(8～20岁),选择面部10个标志点的软组织厚度测量,并进行描述性统计学分析。结果四川汉族青少年人群面部10个标志点的中线软组织平均厚度,在青少年阶段大多数测量标志点随年龄增长而增厚;男女性面部中线软组织厚度统计学分析存在性别差异(P<0.05),在15岁之后差异增大,且LLI点显著差异性在9～20岁之间均存在(P<0.01)。结论四川汉族青少年面部中线软组织厚度有随年龄增长而增厚的趋势,男女面部软组织厚度存在性别差异。     

国人头面部软组织厚度的MRI测量

用磁共振成像（MRI）方法对498例（男274，女224）中国汉族人头面部31个标志点（正中线16，侧面15）的软组织厚度分7个年龄组进行了测量。结果表明，国人（汉族）头面部软组织厚度一般随年龄增长而增厚，大约在45～59岁最厚，60岁以后又开始变薄；男女性头面部软组织厚度有性别差异，在大多数测量点男厚于女，在19个测量点中有显著性差异（0．01＜P＜0．05）。个体因素对颜面上下部软组织厚度有不同影响，下面部软组织厚度受个体因素影响较上面部大。     

Does sexual dimorphism in facial soft tissue depths justify sex distinction in craniofacial identification?

Separation of male and female soft tissue depths into discrete groups for craniofacial identification implies that males and females differ enough from each other, with respect to this application, for this distinction to be useful. In this study, previously published soft tissue depth data were analyzed for sex separation. It was found that the variation within each sex was large while the variation between the sexes was small. Often the value of two standard deviations of the measurement for either sex was larger than the difference displayed between the means of each sex. Furthermore, opposite sex overlap in regions defined to be close to the male or female mean were found to be large and the amount of variance explained by sex was small (less than 6% on average). These results indicate that while male and female means at single craniofacial landmarks may differ slightly, and even at statistically significant levels, individual male and female soft tissue depths are often the same or very similar. On average, soft tissue depths of the face do display some sexual dimorphism but it is not marked and of little practical meaning for craniofacial identification where a single individual must be independently considered. Thus, there is little use in separate reporting of data for males and females and data should be combined to increase sample sizes.     

中国15个少数民族面部形态标志点的差异

通过对15个少数民族3182例（男女各半）成年人的头面部27个标志点进行测量及形态特征观察,以汉族男女成年人的标准为基准,同各受试民族进行研究和比较,结果表明：各民族的面部形态特征、标志点测量值均有程度不同的差异存在。与汉族差异较大的是哈萨克族、维吾尔族和蒙古族。     

Dental age estimation from the developmental stage of the third molars in western Chinese population

The purpose of this study is to provide reference data about estimating dental age from third molars of the western Chinese population for comparing with other populations and being applied to the age estimation of western Chinese juveniles and adolescents. A total of 2078 digital panoramic radiographs of 989 male and 1089 female Chinese subjects aged between 5 and 23 years were examined. The mineralization status of the third molars was assessed using the formation stages described by Demirjian et al. with two modifications. The results showed that the development of third molars in the western Chinese population was likely to begin at age 5 in both males and females. The third molars 28 and 48 showed significantly higher frequency in females than in males. The third molars 18 in the stage 1, 38 in the stages 1, A and G, and 48 in the stage H showed significantly older average age in females than in males. The Demirjian's stages C and D could be used as a reference stage to determine dichotomously whether a western Chinese is more likely to be under or above age 14 or 16, respectively. This study provided reference data for the age estimation of western Chinese juveniles and adolescents by the mineralization stages of the third molar. Apart from forensic age determination in living subjects, the presented reference data can also be used for age estimations of unidentified corpses and skeletons.     

中国土家族人群头面部软组织厚度的测量

目的测量中国土家族人群头面部软组织厚度。方法156名中国湖南西部土家族成年男女(男80,女76),经拍摄头面部侧位X线片,选取正中矢状面5个部位上的10个点,测量其软组织厚度,并对所得数据进行统计学处理。结果中国土家族成年人群头面部10个点的软组织厚度测量值,男性在(3.46±0.09)mm~(9.11±0.14)mm范围,女性在(3.29±0.16)mm~(9.05±0.18)mm;除鼻下点外(男性9.06mm±0.15mm,女性9.02mm±0.19mm),男女性之间各点均有显著性差异,且下面部软组织厚度较上面部大。结论土家族成年男女性头面部软组织厚度存在着性别差异和年龄差异。     

基于MRI的中国汉族成人颅面径线测量与分析

目的通过MRI和VGStudio MAX 2.2软件对中国汉族成人颅面相关径线进行测量,并分析其与性别、年龄、身高以及体重的关系。方法按颅面标志点设定4条径线。A径线：在正中矢状面上颏下点至头顶点的最大直线距离;B径线：在正中矢状面上发际点至后头点的最大直线距离;C径线：在水平面上左、右外眼点间的最大直线距离;D径线：在冠状面上左、右侧颧点间的最大直线距离;用VGStudio MAX 2.2软件对MRI图像数据进行三维重建,直接用软件的测量工具对颅面的相关径线进行测量,并用SPSS 16.0进行分析。结果 A、B、C、D径线的均值分别为（237.54±8.63）mm、（173.07±8.28）mm、（89.58±4.46）mm、（127.34±8.16）mm,与性别有着显著性差异（P〈0.01）;其中A、C、D径线与身高,A、D径线与体重,C径线与年龄,均存在明显的直线相关关系。结论中国汉族成人颅面径线A、B、C、D均存在明显的性别差异;且A、C、D径线与身高,A、D径线与体重,C径线与年龄,均存在明显的直线相关关系。     

中国汉族成人胸骨多项测量值与身高关系的研究

目的 研究中国汉族成人胸骨多项测量值与身高的关系,建立以胸骨推算身高的方法。方法 测量135例(男100,女35)已知身高的中国汉族成年人干燥胸骨的全长、柄长、体长、柄最大宽、柄最小宽、体最大宽、体最大厚、柄厚、柄最大厚9项指标,采用多元逐步回归分析的方法,分别求出由男性(分年龄组)和女性胸骨的多项测量值推算身高的多元回归方程式。结果 所建立的4个男性(分年龄组)和1个女性胸骨推算身高的多元回归方程式,其复相关系数(R)在0.6237～0.7350之间,标准差(s)在4.5720—7.0348之间。结论 根据人体胸骨的多项测量值可以推算其身高,准确性略低于四肢长骨的同类推算;相同身高组的男女性胸骨多项测量值均存在明显的性别差异,胸骨柄长不能作为单因素推算身高的测量指标。     

STR HUMARA locus gene and genotype frequencies in Han and Bei populations in China.

For the purpose of the population genetics study of the HUMARA locus, the allele, and genotype frequencies were determined in two Chinese population samples (Han-101, Bei-113) using PCR, PAGE, and silver staining. Fourteen alleles were found. The size of amplified fragments were 258 bp-315 bp. The observed heterozygosities were 0.83 in the Han population and 0.73 in the Bei population respectively. The expected heterozygosities were 0.91 in the Han population and 0.97 in the Bei population respectively. Both populations meet Hardy-Weinberg expectation, Han population x2 = 17.7206, df = 11, p > 0.05; Bei population x2 = 7.4268, df = 10, p > 0.05. The discrimination power were 0.95 in females and 0.89 in males in the Han population, 0.94 in females and 0.88 in males in the Bei population. Thus, the allelic frequency data can be used in the personal identification and parentage testing in the forensic science practice. The PCR test established in this study is robust and reproducible.     

Three-Dimensional Prediction of the Nose for Facial Approximation in a Thai Population

Most of the previous studies about nose prediction were concentrated only some landmarks of the nose. This study aimed to generate prediction equations for ten landmarks of the nose in the midline and alar regions for forensic facial approximation. The six midline landmarks were the sellion, nasion–pronasale posterior, nasion–pronasale anterior, pronasale, nasal drop, and subnasale. The four landmarks of the alar region were the alare, superior alar groove, posterior alar groove, and inferior alar groove. We used the skull landmarks in the nasal, zygomatic, and maxillary bone to predict the landmarks of the nose. Cone-beam computed tomography scans of 108 Thai subjects with normal BMI and age ranging from 21.0 to 50.9 years were obtained in a sitting position. The data were converted into three-dimensional (3-D) images of the skull and face. The Cartesian coordinates of the landmarks of the skull and nose were used to formulate the multiple regression equations. The formulated equations were tested in 24 new subjects. The mean differences in the predicted midline landmarks varied between −0.4 mm and 0.5 mm, whereas those for bilateral landmarks varied between −1.0 mm and 1.4 mm. In conclusion, the prediction equations formulated here will be beneficial for facial approximation of the nose in a Thai population.     

A study on the standard for forensic anthropologic identification of skull-image superimposition

By means of X-ray photography tests were made of 224 (100 males and 124 females) volunteer Chinese adults of Han nationality to study the related regular patterns of superimposed projection of face landmarks onto the skull. On the basis of these tests, the present article reveals from a forensic anthropology angle the related regular patterns of plane projection of the human face with its skull. Study shows that there exist a strict individual identity and exclusiveness in relation between the human face and skull. The related regularity of displacement of face landmarks appears in projection of the skull with the human head at different photographic positions and angles. On the basis of this discovery, 52 indexes in 4 groups were established as a standard for judging the identification of a skull's body origin by means of skull-image superimposition. Based on forensic anthropology, the technique has raised to a great extent the credibility of unknown skull identification. In the past 8 years, 89 unknown skulls have been identified with their body origins which provided important and accurate evidence for the solution of murders with dismembered bodies, skeletonized bodies, and unidentified dead bodies.     

Forensic Facial Reconstruction: Relationship Between the Alar Cartilage and Piriform Aperture

During forensic facial reconstruction, facial features may be predicted based on the parameters of the skull. This study evaluated the relationships between alar cartilage and piriform aperture and nose morphology and facial typology. Ninety‐six cone beam computed tomography images of Brazilian subjects (49 males and 47 females) were used in this study. OsiriX software was used to perform the following measurements: nasal width, distance between alar base insertion points, lower width of the piriform aperture, and upper width of the piriform aperture. Nasal width was associated with the lower width of the piriform aperture, sex, skeletal vertical pattern of the face, and age. The current study contributes to the improvement of forensic facial guides by identifying the relationships between the alar cartilages and characteristics of the biological profile of members of a population that has been little studied thus far.     

广东汉族群体DXS6854基因座的多态性

目的调查X染色体特异性基因座DXS6854在广东汉族群体的多态性。方法利用PCR和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及银染法显色技术进行基因分型。结果在广东汉族189名无关女性个体及230名无关男性个体中,发现了8个等位基因。等位基因频率分布在0.0026—0.4522之间,女性的基因型分布符合Hardy—Weinberg平衡,女性和男性个体的个体识别率(DP)分别为0.8633和0.7012。三联体检验非父排除率(PE)为0.6712。结论DXS6854有较高的个体识别率和亲权排除率,在个人识别和女孩的亲权鉴定中有应用价值。     

Facial Soft Tissue Thickness Database for Craniofacial Reconstruction in Korean Adults

Abstract: One hundred Korean adults (50 men, 50 women) were scanned in the upright position using a cone‐beam CT (CBCT) scanner. The soft tissue (ST) thicknesses were measured at 31 landmarks, 10 midline and 21 bilateral landmark sites, and the means and standard deviations were obtained for male and female subjects. While 18 of 31 landmarks showed sex differences, the majority showed higher values for male subjects with the exception of a few landmark sites corresponding to the zygoma area, which showed smaller values in men than in women. The mandibular area showed greater differences between the right and left sides. Overall, the ST thickness measurements obtained in this study can be used as a database for the forensic craniofacial reconstruction of Korean adult faces.     

Homicide by sharp force in two Scandinavian capitals

In the Oslo and Copenhagen capital areas, 141 homicides by sharp force were committed in the ten-year period 1985-1994. This method accounted for 33% of the homicides in this period. Thirty-five percent of the victims were female, and most of the victims were between 20 and 50 years of age. The majority of the male victims were killed by an acquaintance, the females by their spouse. Sixty-five percent of the male and 37% of the female victims had alcohol in their blood. The majority of the female victims had lesions in 3-4 anatomical regions, while the males most often had lesions in only one anatomical region. Seventy-nine percent of the females and 36% of the males had self-defence injuries in the upper extremities. In 21 cases (15%) the offender was a woman, 19 of their victims being male; the weapon in these cases was most often a kitchen knife. Seventy-eight percent of the females and 49% of the males were killed in their own home. The most common circumstance was family row when the victim was female, while a fight was the most common circumstance when the victim was male. Three offenders committed suicide after having committed homicide(s) (seven victims; three offenders).     

西南地区成人面颅骨的性别判定

目的建立适合西南地区成人的颅骨性别判定函数。方法性别明确的颅骨67个,测量颅骨最大长、颅骨最大宽、颅高等16项指标,所得数据进行统计学分析,建立单一变量及多变量性别判定方程,并对5个无名颅骨进行回带检验。结果 16项指标中有13项存在显著的性别差异,男性大于女性,单变量函数推断性别以鼻高(男78.4%,女83.3%)、颅骨最大长(男83.8%,女73.3%)准确率较高。多变量性别判定函数以颅周长、鼻高贡献最大,判定准确率男89.2%,女90.0%。结论单变量推断颅骨性别以鼻高或颅骨最大长较为理想,但以颅周长、鼻高联合推断性别准确率更高。     

Body Height Estimation from Head and Face Dimensions: A Different Method*

Abstract: As there are cases brought for forensic examination where only the craniofacial region is available, estimation of stature from craniofacial dimensions is without doubt important in forensic cases. The study presented here attempts to estimate stature from craniofacial dimensions in the Turkish population. In the second phase of the study, the correlations between craniofacial dimensions and stature were also evaluated according to different head and face types. All measurements were taken from 286 healthy males with a mean age of 22.71 ± 4.86 years. The sample was then reclassified according to different head and face indexes. For the whole sample, correlation coefficients were low, changing only between 0.012 and 0.229. Thus, no significant increase in correlation coefficients was observed after the samples had been reevaluated according to different head and face types. As a conclusion, craniofacial dimensions are not good predictors for body height for the Turkish population.