王道与霸道:美国外交政策的尴尬处境

美国人对自己的国家历来自视甚高,从立国起就认为美国的意识形态及外交政策与众不同,出污泥而不染。这与历史上中国人的夜郎自大心态如出一辙。那位吹响美国独立号角的潘恩在其《常识》一书中即高呼,新美国要打碎旧秩序,重造一个新世     

美国智库视野中的两岸关系与和平发展

近年来，台海两岸关系出现和平发展的势头，美国智库对此大致有三种认知倾向：一是积极评价、乐见其成；二是谨慎保守、接受和平发展的现实，但心态矛盾；三是顾虑深重、立场强硬，主张适当遏制两岸和平发展。不管是何种心态，他们在维护美国在台湾问题上的战略利益上是一致的。台湾问题是中关关系中最重大、最敏感的结构性议题，不管两岸关系走向何方，美国的台海政策都将会保持一定的稳定性，美国让两岸关系朝美国所希望的方向发展的意图是不会改变的。     

当前的美国经济形势和前景

美国经济形势和走势如何是当前国际社会关心的问题。美国经济中长期走势如何？近期经济走势又如何？美国经济前景将有什么特点？作者对这些问题均作了深入、细致的分析。     

澳大利亚海洋安全战略研究

澳大利亚是亚太地区重要的中等国家,海洋安全战略是其国家安全战略的基石。随着国家实力的增强和亚太地区安全形势的变化——尤其是美国亚太再平衡战略的实施,澳大利亚加紧了海洋安全战略的调整,即不仅要维护其地缘政治和经济利益,而且要充当地区性海上领导力量,其海洋安全战略所涵盖的地理范围远远超过了澳大利亚本土,进攻性色彩日益浓厚。为达到这一战略目标,澳大利亚一方面建设强大海军,要成为海上强国;另一方面开展广泛的海上安全合作,加强与美国以及其他国家的海洋安全合作关系,以取得作战经验,扩大自己的国际影响,战略措施上也呈现出积极、主动的特点。尽管澳大利亚海洋安全战略的实施存在一些制约因素,如国家综合实力的有限以及对待中美的矛盾心态等,但澳大利亚海洋安全战略的进攻性特点以及与美国军事关系的加强无疑会对西太平洋地区的海洋安全形势产生一定的影响,这些影响主要体现在:加大了美国在西太平洋地区的海洋安全优势,增添了中国与澳大利亚关系中的不稳定因素,在某种程度上刺激了亚太地区的海军军备竞赛。正在建设海洋强国的中国应当对此给予适当的关注,并根据实际情况的变化制定出自己的对策。     

如何认识当前与今后的中美关系

当前中美关系的发展存在着三大挑战,即中美战略互信严重缺乏,双方互动多限于功能性层面;美国霸权心态犹存,两国国际战略存在矛盾与冲突;美国冷战思维根深蒂固,"改造"中国的冲动难以消解。这三大挑战将会给两国关系的发展造成结构性障碍,但在战略意愿、沟通机制以及外部条件等方面的积极因素为两国关系的总体稳定提供了基础。鉴于奥巴马政府的政治特点以及中美两国政策重心内转,2016年的中美关系将基本保持现状。     

简析2005年美国关于"中国问题"的辩论

2005年,美国学界、政界、媒体等纷纷就中国问题发表观点甚至展开辩论,掀起一股关注中国的热潮。辩论的焦点包括军事、经济、能源、投资、环境、外交、政治等问题,涉及中美关系的方方面面。本文试图透过这些现象,考察美国对华观念变化的蛛丝马迹,寻找影响美国判断的主要因素,并简要探讨这些辩论的特点及其对中美关系的影响。     

中国和平发展与美国对华战略

美国对中国的发展和国际影响力的提升持矛盾心态,是其对华战略定位犹豫徘徊的直接原因,并将继续影响中美关系的稳定和发展。由于中国的和平发展不可遏阻,美国对中国的防范戒备将有增无减,同时也会更加重视加强对华合作。     

当代美国资本主义的新变化

二战后，美国资本主义发展呈现不少新的特点。这既是一个理论问题，又是一个实际问题。如何全面理解这一问题，已引起国际经济学者浓厚的兴趣。作者从美国社会生产力的迅速发展的原因、美国垄断资本主义的新发展、美国资本主义发展模式的适时更新及其创新特点以及对美国资本主义的再认识等４个层面进行了阐述，指出我们应充分看到这些变化，又指出，尽管如此，自我调节仍改变不了资本主义体系的深层结构和内在逻辑，因而最终的历史结局也无法改变。     

美国华裔著名作家——谭恩美

在美国200余年的华人移民史中,文坛上的华人作家寥若晨星,近二三十年来,由于第二、三代华人移民后裔英文水准和艺术水准的提高,美国文坛上崛起了一批优秀的华裔作家。他们用自己的笔,塑造了一系列熠熠生辉的华人移民形象,表达了他们复杂的心态,在美国文坛上开拓出一片灿烂的园地。     

美国“能源独立”辨析

当前美国内热议的"能源独立",实质是美国内能源产量增加、需求下降共同作用下的能源对外依存度下降。"能源独立"在美国具有很强的政治正确性,但并不现实。它反映了美国综合实力相对衰落过程中美国民众复杂和矛盾的心态及美国保护主义与孤立主义的上升。在全球化和相互依存日益加深的大背景下,追求"能源独立"有悖于国际潮流。强化相互依存,推动全球对话与合作,应成为各国维护能源安全、推动经济发展的共同选择。从这个意义上说,美国国内热议的"能源独立",不但难以实现,也不符合全球化大势。     

“美国新经济与中美关系”研讨会发言摘要── 美国新经济是另一个神话吗?

由吉林省美国经济学会、吉林大学经济管理学院国际经济系共同主办的“美国新经济与中美关系”研讨会于１９９９年１１月 ６日在长春举行。研究美国及亚太问题的在长专家学者３０人参加了会议。代表们主要就美国新经济的产生、发展和变化的特点及当前中美关系的走势,影响双边关系的因素以及中国加入世贸组织后中美贸易关系的变化等进行了深入的研究和探讨。现将部分专家学者的发言摘要刊登如下。     

美国华商发展概况、投资特点及未来展望

美国华商是美国华侨华人的一个重要群体。近几十年来,美国华商经济取得飞跃式的发展。本文在详细介绍美国华商企业发展概况的基础上,分析美国华商的投资特点:投资行业集中化、投资地域扩散化及投资领域以传统与前沿并重。而就未来发展的趋势而言,美国华商不仅有望成为美国少数族裔经济的翘楚,在世界经济舞台上亦将大有作为。     

TV News and the language of acid rain in Canadian‐American relations

This study focuses on American television news coverage of a specific issue, acid rain, in Canadian‐American affairs. It attempts to bring into focus the interaction of the formal characteristics of the news and political orientations of the viewing audience to offer an alternative approach to the pluralistic models that dominate media and foreign policy research. Finally, the study offers several strategic propositions describing the relationship of news language to political responses for this particular case of Canadian‐American affairs.     

中国与拉美国家关系中的美国因素

近年来,中国与拉美国家的关系持续快速发展引起美国特朗普政府的警惕,美国采取多重手段公开阻扰中拉合作,包括在拉美事务上频频发表反华言论、加大打击拉美左翼政权、拉拢右翼政权组建"反华阵营",并警告与中国新建交的拉美国家。特朗普政府施压手段取得了一定成效,部分拉美国家对华态度有所调整,但从长远看,基于中美关系、美拉关系及中拉关系的本质特点,未来中拉合作仍将保持良好势头。不可忽视的是,美国将继续阻扰中拉关系发展。中国应妥善应对中拉关系中的美国因素,保证中美拉三边关系良性互动。     

美国企业孵化器发展及对我国的启示

企业孵化器发源于美国,在培育和扶持初创型小企业、培育区域经济增长点、促进产业结构调整、增强技术创新能力等方面发挥了重要作用。我国的企业孵化是在借鉴美国的经验并结合中国国情发展起来的,具有自己的特色,也存在一定的问题。为了促进其进一步发展,还必须增强市场意识、服务意识和社会网络意识,使其向企业化、国际化发展,并不断优化融资环境,提高管理队伍的素质,推动我国企业孵化器的健康发展。     

When and why is civil society support “made-in-America”? Delegation to non-state actors in American democracy promotion

One of the United States’ main strategies of democracy promotion involves supporting civil society abroad. According to original data, most of the money spent by the United States on that task supports American NGOs working abroad rather than local NGOs in transitioning and non-democratic countries. Yet there are also significant variations across countries in donor officials’ reliance on American NGOs. Why do American donor officials fund American NGOs as a strategy of aiding democracy abroad more in some cases than in others? This paper argues that donor officials find it easier to observe American NGOs than other NGOs and that American NGOs are more likely to share donor officials’ preferences. Donor officials are therefore more likely to pursue a strategy of “made-in-America” democracy support in countries that are salient for U.S. foreign policy. Evidence from a new data set of democracy assistance programs supports the argument. The findings have implications for the study of American foreign policy, foreign aid effectiveness, and NGOs in world politics.     

American and foreign terrorists: an analysis of divergent portrayals in US newspaper coverage

American news coverage of terrorist activity consistently portrays the attacker as abnormal, but the mechanics of this othering process are entirely dependent on the nationality of the attacker in question. Coverage of domestic terrorism stresses the attacker’s personal instability and contrasts the perpetrator with his or her victims, painting the terrorist as an anomaly in American society. Foreign attackers, with whom journalists more frequently apply the terrorist label, are othered in US news media through heavy emphasis on their association with distant groups and conflicts. To explore how framing techniques differ throughout coverage of domestic and foreign terrorists, two separate corpora of articles from popular American newspapers were systematically compiled. One corpus contained articles about American attackers, while the other contained articles about foreign terrorists. The corpora were processed using both corpus linguistics software and a comparative analysis of texts. Exploring the American media’s framing choices illuminates how popular biases and perceptions of terrorist violence came to be; framing theory asserts that communicating entities inevitably shape the story they relay, influencing the reactions of those who experience the event second-hand. Not only does news coverage use distinct framing patterns for American and foreign perpetrators, but those patterns foster a populace that conceptualises American and foreign terrorists differently.     

Wolfish Wilsonians: Existential Dilemmas of the Liberal Internationalists

There are limits on America's ability to bring democracy to deeply divided societies with little or no history of democracy, and many American liberal internationalists have succumbed to intellectual and moral paralysis about America's right and ability to spread its system in the rest of the world. The principles of law-governed freedom are in fact important and nearly eternal principles, but they are best spread by America's setting the example as a peaceful democracy. The messianic approach to democracy-promotion adopted by the Bush administration and its liberal allies, rooted in faith in the “American creed” and an emerging “global civil society,” can only damage both American power and the cause of democratizing the world. The American approach to democratization needs instead to be governed by rigor of the intellect and generosity of spirit.     

Media Coverage of the U.S. Supreme Court: How Do Journalists Assess the Importance of Court Decisions?

Agenda-setting theory is central to understanding the connection between media and American government. Indeed, legislative and executive branches of American government are often characterized by their publicity-seeking behavior. This is not true of the judicial branch. However, the importance of media coverage is magnified for the United States Supreme Court because, lacking the public affairs mechanisms of the other two branches, the Court is dependent on media dissemination of information about its decisions. Despite this important role, little is known about what attracts media to cover Supreme Court cases. We ask what case characteristics attract media attention. We examine the effect of case variables on general media coverage of Court decisions (a concept we call “newsworthiness,” measured by whether mention of a given case decision appears on the front page of the New York Times) and on inclusion of a case on a list of legally significant cases over time (a concept we call “legal salience,” measured by the appearance of a case in the Congressional Quarterly's Guide to the Supreme Court). Examining cases over a 54-year period, we identify characteristics of cases appearing in either the New York Times or the CQ Guide or both. We conclude media news values may not always lead to coverage of the most legally salient cases, but some overlap indicates several cues used to judge immediate newsworthiness of cases stand the retrospective evaluation of legal significance.

[Supplementary material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Political Communication for the following free supplemental resources: issue area matrices and predicted probabilities of case characteristics.]     

马来西亚非政府组织与国外非政府组织关系探讨——以美国基金会对马来西亚非政府组织捐助为例

南北关系研究一直是国际关系领域的一个重要课题,毫无疑问,南北非政府组织间的关系研究对于深化这一领域的研究有重要意义。本文从马来西亚非政府组织和国外非政府组织关系入手,以马来西亚非政府组织和美国基金会关系为具体案例,从南北非政府组织关系层面管窥南北关系的发展特点。