强制采样与人权保障之冲突与平衡

强制采样具有强制性,与公民个人的隐私权、人身自由权及身体权有冲突关系.我国实施强制采样时,要适当借鉴其他国家的立法经验,对强制采样的程序、对象及被采样人的权利保障做出具体规定,从而使强制采样和人权保障实现相对平衡.     

我国强制采样制度之构建与规制

强制采样对个人隐私权、人身自由权和健康权具有高度的侵犯性,存在紧张的冲突关系,我国有必要借鉴西方法治国家关于强制采样的立法经验,将强制采样作为一种独立的侦查行为,并对强制采样的范围、主体、方式和非法采样行为制裁等做出规定,以实现强制采样与人权保障之平衡。     

实证和比较法视野下的强制采样研究

“强制采样”在我国刑事诉讼中并无明确规定,立法只规定了“人身检查”制度,然而违背当事人意愿提取人身检材的现象在实践中却普遍存在.实证考查发现:立法的相对滞后造成了强制采样的权力运作不当,执法人员对采样的适用程序和做法不一.通过比较借鉴我国台湾地区及美国刑事诉讼中的相关制度在分类、程序与做法、发动要件等方面的差异,发现我国强制采样处分分类笼统、启动条件宽泛、审批环节阙如,强制采样所获之鉴定意见却普遍被采纳.我国强制采样之完善必须实现“发现真实”和“人权保障”的价值平衡,实现强制采样行为的必要控制,实现“鉴定客体化”向“鉴定主体化”的地位转变.     

论刑事诉讼中的强制采样

在刑事诉讼中,强制采样是侦查机关经常使用的一种侦查方法。为了厘清强制采样的有关问题,以域外国家的立法与司法实践为基础,详细论述了强制采样的法律性质,强制采样的程序控制,包括强制采样的批准程序、强制采样的告知程序、强制采样的实施程序、强制采样样本与资料的处理程序,强制采样证据的证据能力;在此基础上,考察了中国强制采样制度的立法与司法实践,并对如何构建中国的强制采样制度提出了自己的设想。     

强制采样的法律规制初探

强制采样作为一种特殊侦查行为,在控制犯罪与保障人权之间存在着紧张冲突关系。大陆法系、英美法系的相关国家都以法律形式对其予以规制。本文认为结合我国强制采样的现状,有必要借鉴西方法治国家的先进立法经验,明确我国的强制采样的基本原则、适用范围、法律程序等制度,使强制采样与保障人权达至平衡。     

精神病强制医疗与人权保障的冲突与平衡

精神病强制医疗与公民的人身自由权、健康权及隐私权等之间存在紧张的冲突关系。我国有必要借鉴两大法系主要法治国家关于精神病强制医疗的立法经验,对精神病强制医疗的适用对象、适用程序、权利保障及救济机制等方面的问题作出规制,冀以实现精神病强制医疗与人权保障之平衡。     

侦查机关强制采取物证比对样本的必要性及合法化路径研究

本文讨论了刑事侦查中强制采取物证比对样本的必要性以及立法规制这种强制活动的必要性,探究了强制采样的合法化路径。认为法律应明确侦查机关有权依照必要性原则、适当性原则和比例原则在侦查中强制采取物证比对样本,并就强制采样的主体、对象、程序等问题作出具体规定,否则,就有可能侵犯相关人员的基本人权。     

侦查机关强制采取物证比对样本的必要性及合法化路径研究

本文讨论了刑事侦查中强制采取物证比对样本的必要性以及立法规制这种强制活动的必要性,探究了强制采样的合法化路径。认为法律应明确侦查机关有权依照必要性原则、适当性原则和比例原则在侦查中强制采取物证比对样本,并就强制采样的主体、对象、程序等问题作出具体规定,否则,就有可能侵犯相关人员的基本人权。     

强制辩护制度之法解释学分析与本土化改革

强制辩护制度是实现律师辩护全覆盖的一种路径选择,但我国《刑事诉讼法》尚未确立完整意义上的强制辩护制度.虽然强制指定辩护制度在保障被追诉人获得律师帮助的功能上与强制辩护制度有异曲同工之妙,但强制指定辩护制度存在量刑适用范围有限、强制性与自主性关系模糊,以及程序性制裁要件阙如等制度缺陷,导致其与强制辩护制度存在差距.未来在...     

论“私密性”样品强制采样的法律规制

＂私密性＂样品强制采样本身具有的极大侵权可能性要求对其采取严密的法律规制。其内容包括：准确界定＂私密性＂样品含义;明确＂私密性＂样品强制采样对象;确定强制采样需要遵循的司法控制、最后手段、专业性、保护性原则;赋予被采样人防御性权利、推定性权利、救济性权利。     

Ten costly mistakes in disciplining disruptive students

Disciplining disruptive students is necessary to maintain order and proper decorum in public schools. School officials must, however, be certain that they do not violate the rights of students as they strive to achieve order in schools. They must also refrain from exhibiting overly aggressive behavior if the situation does not warrant it. School officials must respond to disciplinary infractions in a reasonable and defensible manner. This will usually occur when they follow legally defensible school or district policy and ensure that the due process rights of students are protected. Violation of student rights in the absence of defensible reason may result in legal charges against school officials.     

论在新农村建设中的知识产权问题——以江苏省为例

新农村建设对知识产权提出了新要求,发展农村生产力、促进农民增收和实现由传统农民向新型农民的转变,必须依靠知识产权。在新农村建设中,应该加强自主知识产权建设;"品牌兴农"不能忽视农副产品的质量保证;培育新型农民树立知识产权保护意识。     

权利·义务:现行宪法社会权的理解与反思

公民社会权的实现必须有国家的积极作为。宪法文本对公民社会权的制度供给,如果欠缺相对应的国家义务制度反馈,则公民社会权的实现便会缺乏必要的权利救济。社会权的实现程度检验着社会制度的优越性,促使社会权的实现的途径法治化、完整化,调和权利与义务之间出现的失衡状态,从权利与义务结构——功能的角度而言,不仅对于公民有尊严的生活,而且对于国家政治、社会的稳定都有着积极的意义和作用。     

Conflicts of Rights and Action-Guidingness

In this paper, we raise two points. First, any rights-based theory should provide a method by which to guide reasoning in addressing conflicts of rights. The reason, we argue, is that these theories must provide guidance on what should be done. Second, this method must contain two key recommendations: (1) We should try to find a deliberative mechanism through which none of the rights is simply eliminated from the scene; (2) these rights may be balanced against each other to define which right should prevail, but without considering non-rights-interests as if they were rights in the process. These recommendations instantiate two crucial principles that underlie our common intuitions on rights, namely, the principle that rights deserve equal respect and the principle that rights should be taken seriously.     

E-mail,the Police,and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Retooling Our Understanding of a Reasonable Expectation of Privacy in the Cyber Age

As in other jurisdictions, technological innovation continues to impose burdens on our understanding of the reasonable expectation of privacy in Canada. Recently, the Alberta Court of Queen's Bench was forced to weigh the privacy rights guaranteed under section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms against Her Majesty's interest in collecting electronic evidence (in order to facilitate criminal proceedings against an individual who was accused of using e-mail to gain possession of child pornography). For the first time ever in Canada, the Court's analysis focused specifically on the technological aspects of e-mail. Although technological enthusiasts applaud this approach, it has resulted in a decision which, if followed, is sure to render ineffectual the ability of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to protect the privacy of Canadian e-mail users against overly intrusive police wire-tap interceptions. Upon a detailed review of this decision (within the context of an overview of the Canadian jurisprudence on unreasonable search and seizure), the author of this paper argues that the traditional test for sanctioning privacy protection must shift away from a merely technological analysis of the actual security offered by the communications medium in question. The author submits that the proper analysis should focus instead on the reasonable Canadian e-mail user's typical understanding and perception of the medium.     

刑诉中尿液证据采集问题研究——以德国为参照

对被指控人尿液证据的强制采集会侵犯其人身自由权、身体完整权与隐私权,因此必须谨慎而为之,进行严格限制。域外国家,比如大陆法系国家的德国通常采取比例原则、法律保留原则以及令状主义进行有效规制,以实现控制犯罪与保障人权的均衡。我国关于尿液证据的采集与运用还是一片空白,相关的立法建议还存在不足,需要重新检讨。     

Charter and Enlargement

Current debates about the contents, status, and the future role of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights should have a stronger 'enlargement dimension': the constitutionalisation of Europe (with the Charter as its key element) and the EU enlargement should be seen as two interrelated (and, possibly, mutually supportive) phenomena rather than as two separate challenges which must be approached one at a time. There are two main aspects to this relationship. First, the Charter may be seen as a yardstick by which the human rights credentials of the candidate states will be tested. Second (the central focus of this article), one may ask whether the candidate states, once involved in the debate about the constitutional future of Europe, will bring any constitutional insights which may affect the articulation of Charter rights. It is argued, against the background of candidate states' recent experience of constitution-making, that these insights should be embraced rather than feared, and that the current member states should resist a temptation of adopting a paternalistic approach towards the candidate states as participants in the European constitutional debate.     

On Reconciling Irreconcilables: Neo-liberal Globalisation and Human Rights

This article examines the tensions between the presently dominantform of globalisation, which will be referred to as neo-liberalglobalisation, and the protection of human rights. The argumentdeveloped and defended here, in essence, is that one cannotbe committed to the protection of fundamental human rights andat the same time acquiescent in the dominant model of globalisation.Consequently, it is argued that advocates for human rights,be they grassroots campaigners, academics or members of theglobal human rights officialdom, must take a strong stance againstprevailing orthodoxies in order to genuinely advance and entrencha culture of human rights protection. A large element of theargument presented here will be that conventional discourseon human rights and globalisation has misunderstood the natureof globalisation. In contrast to the standard narrative in thisfield, I will posit my own understanding of globalisation, thatis neo-liberal globalisation, and then argue that this modelis inimical, both in theory and practice, to the protectionof human rights. Having done this, I will then go on to arguethat all human rights advocates are faced with a choice (notan easy choice, but a necessary one) between acquiescence ina process which is inherently inimical to the protection ofhuman rights, or utilising human rights to challenge and overcomethe dominant model of globalisation.     

Safe or sorry? Rights,responsibilities and retribution—the new three Rs of education in New Zealand?

A school is a microcosm of society and thus is subject to the problems existing within society generally. The rights and responsibilities of persons outside the school gates apply within the school also. The school environment is unique in that not only is a young person compelled to attend but he or she must spend a great deal of each day within the school's jurisdiction. May it then be argued that there is an enhanced responsibility of schools towards the emotional and physical welfare of their students in relation to matters within their control? This article will examine whether a New Zealand public school has a responsibility that extends further than a moral duty for the safety of its students. Particularly it will consider a school's potential liability in respect of the various forms of student‐to‐student bullying and harassment. It examines the potential for an action against a school under human rights legislation, at common law, and in criminal law.     

扣缴义务人责任研究：类型化与反思

税法上扣缴义务人未完全履行扣缴义务，脱法扣缴行为随之产生，扣缴制度的立法目的成空，追究扣缴义务人责任是为必然。依现行税法规定，扣缴义务人不仅将视情况承担“补缴、追缴”，“限期改正、责令改正”、“刑事处罚”等主责任，而且需承担“滞纳金”，“罚款”或“滞纳金与罚款”等一并使用的从责任。责任形态的复杂性和现行税法的诸多缺陷，导致扣缴义务人责任实务运用极为混乱。要想从源头上解决此问题，必须对扣缴义务人责任进行多维定性，以扣缴义务人基本权利的行使作为扣缴制度财政目的的边界，以财政目的的实现作为扣缴义务人义务履行、权利行使的边界。