标准三联体非父排除率计算公式的推导和验证

目的对标准三联体亲子鉴定的非父排除率(PE)进行公式推导和实验验证。方法基于PE定义自行推导公式:PE=sum(P_i~2(1-P_i)~2)from i=1 to n+sum(P_iP_j(1-P_i)~3)from ij to n+sum(P_iP_j(1-P_j)~3)from ij to n+sum(P_iP_j(P_i+P_j)(1-P_i-P_j)~2)from ij to n。将该公式与前人报道的5个公式(1)~(5)进行对比,计算AGCU EX20系统19个常染色体STR基因座的PE值。根据1 000例单亲样本和1 000个无关个体样本设计真实实验,计算PE真实实验值。以随机模拟法产生1 000万对模拟亲母子和1 000万个随机个体,设计模拟实验计算PE模拟实验值。在19个基因座,统计各基因座的等位基因频率之和(S),将PE的公式值、真实实验值和模拟实验值进行对比。结果当S=1时,公式(1)、(2)、(5)、(6)计算结果完全一致,且符合真实和模拟双重实验验证。当S≠1时,公式(1)、(2)、(5)、(6)计算结果有较小误差。公式(3)、(4)的计算结果有较大误差。结论本研究推导的公式(6)与经典公式(1)、(2)、(5)均可用于标准三联体亲子鉴定。S值对PE公式计算有一定影响。     

利用脚手长及相关部位推测身长的研究

探讨脚长、手长及相关部位与身长的相关关系。对 489名男女青年进行了脚长、脚掌宽、手全长、食指长、中指长、小指长和身长的测量 ,并将测量数据输入计算机中进行回归分析。结果表明 :男性各项指标与身长具有一定的线性关系 ,呈直线正相关。其直线回归方程包括 :(1) y =93 5 5 + 3 2 6x (用脚长推测身长 ) ;(2 ) y =130 79+4 18x (用脚掌宽推测身长 ) ;(3) y =76 15 + 5 33x (用手全长推测身长 ) ;(4)y =10 8 6 1+ 8 76x (用食指长推测身长 ) ;(5 )y =94 85 + 9 47x (用中指长推测身长 ) ;(6 ) y =12 0 79+ 8 6 8x (用小指长推测身长 )。女性手全长和中指长两项测量指标与身长具有一定的线性关系。其直线回归方程包括 :(1) y =119 86 + 2 44x (用手全长推测身长 ) ;(2 )y =12 9 89+ 4 0 8x (用中指长推测身长 )。女性的脚长、脚掌宽、食指长、小指长等 4项测量指标与身长的线性关系不明显 ,其推测身长的方程式不宜应用     

Stature and sex estimate using foot and shoe dimensions

The aim of the study was to develop a formula to estimate the stature and sex of an individual using foot and shoe dimensions. To this aim the stature, right and left shoe sizes, and maximum and minimum feet length and width measurements of a target group of 569 individuals were taken. The group was composed of 294 males and 275 females. The highest correlation coefficient was found in length measurements. A notable difference between males and females existed with regard to both right and left foot and shoe length and width averages and shoe sizes (p < 0.001). Among the group, a significant correlation was found in regard to stature and right shoe length (r = 0.591, p < 0.001), with the correlation between stature and right foot length and stature and right shoe length being 0.579 (p < 0.001); as for the female group, there was a significant correlation between stature and right foot length and stature and right shoe length (r = 0.460, p < 0.001). Thus the regression formula obtained are as follows: for the right side: sex = 69.169 + 0.173 (maximum foot length) - 0.368 (maximum foot width) - 0.820 (shoe length) + 0.224 (shoe width) - 1.280 (shoe number). For the left side: sex = 69.551 + 0.276 (maximum foot length) - 0.504 (maximum foot width) - 0.739 (shoe length) + 0.344 (shoe width) - 1.360 (shoe number). In application of the formula, if sex is lower than 0.50, the shoe belongs to a male, if higher, then to female. The formula which was obtained in regression analysis in order to estimate the stature when the measurements of shoe and foot were known. For the right side, stature = 47.93 + 1.083 (maximum foot length) + 0.788 (shoe length) 1.813 (shoe number) (SEE:31.410). For the left side: stature = 47.33 + 1.139 (maximum foot length) + 0.593 (shoe length) x 1.924 (shoe number) (SEE:31.607). It was understood that foot and shoe sizes are a criteria to estimate the stature of a person that there was a strong relationship between foot and shoe length and width and that these can be used to aid estimation. It was found that in sex estimate, foot and shoe lengths are better in helping the estimate than width measurements, and that the use of shoe measurements rather than bare foot measurements are better to obtain meaningful results.     

Estimating stature from tibia length: a comparison of methods

Most forensic and biological anthropological studies use the stature-estimation formulae developed by Trotter and Gleser. In recent decades, studies of morphological differences between populations have indicated that population-specific formulae are necessary to obtain accurate estimates. A number of equations have been devised for the Turkish population. Previously, we introduced a "general formula" and three "stature-group-specific formulae" based on tibial length. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether formulae in the literature are suitable for estimating height in the Turkish population. To make this assessment, we compared the accuracy of formulae designed for Turkish people to the accuracy of formulae devised for other populations. We also evaluated the accuracy in short, medium, and tall height groupings. The formulae were tested on 110 healthy Turkish male adults, with estimated height compared to true height in each case. Analysis showed that the Trotter-Gleser formula for Mongoloids was most accurate for estimating stature in the study group as a whole. The formulae of Sa?ir for the Turkish population and our previously published "general formula" were the next most accurate methods, respectively. When the 110 subjects were categorized as short (1652 mm and below), medium (1653 to 1840 mm), and tall (1841 and above), the stature-group-specific formulae calculated in the present study were more accurate than all other equations for subjects at the height extremes. The results of this study indicate that stature-group-specific formulae are more reliable for forensic cases.     

应用锁骨薄层CT容积重建影像推算四川汉族身高

目的探讨锁骨薄层CT三维容积重建影像(CT-VRT)在身高推算中的应用价值,以期更新我国西南地区身高推算数据,为鉴定实践提供技术支撑。方法应用300例锁骨薄层CT-VRT影像,测量并计算左侧锁骨长(LCL)、右侧锁骨长(RCL)、双侧锁骨均长(ACL),分析身高与LCL、RCL、ACL相关性及性别差异,建立身高推算线性回归方程,并对所建模型进行回代检验。结果男性、女性ACL和身高的相关系数分别为0.534、0.707;LCL和身高的相关系数分别为0.484、0.680;RCL和身高的相关系数分别为0.523、0.695。分别建立ACL、LCL、RCL男女性身高推算线性回归模型。回代检验示ACL方程男性身高推算平均绝对误差(MAD)为4.48cm,女性MAD为3.51cm;LCL方程男性身高推算MAD为4.60cm,女性MAD为3.64cm;RCL方程男性身高推算MAD为4.49cm,女性MAD为3.59cm。结论建立的推算身高的回归方程具有统计学意义,模型预测精度较高,表明利用薄层CT-VRT影像测量的锁骨可运用于四川汉族人群身高推算研究。但模型R2较小,因此在应用ACL进行身高推算时最好结合其他指标。     

Gc subtypes determined by ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing. Distribution in the Veneto population (Italy)

The distribution of Gc phenotypes in the population of Veneto was investigated by ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing. In our sample (n = 732) the six common phenotypes, Gc 1S, 1F, 1S1F, 2, 2-1S, 2-1F and a further phenotype, GC 1S1C3, were observed and the following frequencies calculated: Gc 1S = 0.560792; GC 1F = 0.159153; Gc2 = 0.277323; Gc 1C3 = 0.002732. Our gene frequencies have been compared with those found in other populations.     

Sexual dimorphism in America: geometric morphometric analysis of the craniofacial region

One of the four pillars of the anthropological protocol is the estimation of sex. The protocol generally consists of linear metric analysis or visually assessing individual skeletal traits on the skull and pelvis based on an ordinal scale of 1-5, ranging from very masculine to very feminine. The morphologic traits are then some how averaged by the investigator to estimate sex. Some skulls may be misclassified because of apparent morphologic features that appear more or less robust due to size differences among individuals. The question of misclassification may be further exemplified in light of comparisons across populations that may differ not only in cranial robusticity but also in stature and general physique. The purpose of this study is to further examine the effect of size and sex on craniofacial shape among American populations to better understand the allometric foundation of skeletal traits currently used for sex estimation. Three-dimensional coordinates of 16 standard craniofacial landmarks were collected using a Microscribe-3DX digitizer. Data were collected for 118 American White and Black males and females from the W.M. Bass Donated Collection and the Forensic Data Bank. The MANCOVA procedure tested shape differences as a function of sex and size. Sex had a significant influence on shape for both American Whites (F = 2.90; d.f. = 19, 39; p > F = 0.0024) and Blacks (F = 2.81; d.f. = 19, 37; p > F = 0.0035), whereas size did not have a significant influence on shape in either Whites (F = 1.69; d.f. = 19, 39; p > F = 0.08) or Blacks (F = 1.09; d.f. = 19, 37; p > F = 0.40). Therefore, for each sex, individuals of various sizes were statistically the same shape. In other words, while significant differences were present between the size of males and females (males on average were larger), there was no size effect beyond that accounted for by sex differences in size. Moreover, the consistency between American groups is interesting as it suggests that population differences in sexual dimorphism may result more from human variation in size than allometric variation in craniofacial morphology.     

人外周血白细胞端粒DNA长度与年龄的定量关系

目的探讨人外周血白细胞端粒DNA长度变化规律及其与年龄的关系,为法医学推断年龄提供理论依据。方法抽取西藏那曲地区0~81岁健康人外周血样本105例,其中男性53例,女性52例,采用Southern杂交法检测其端粒限制性片断平均长度。各年龄组性别差异作t检验,端粒长度与年龄的关系作相关及回归分析。结果人外周血白细胞端粒长度随年龄增长逐渐缩短,且存在性别差异;得到推断年龄回归方程:Y=-16.539X+236.287±9.832。结论人外周血白细胞端粒DNA长度与年龄存在明显相关性,为法医学在分子水平上推断个体年龄提供了可能。     

人牙咬痕形态学变化动态过程研究

目的　研究人牙咬痕形态学变化的动态过程 ,了解咬痕发生、发展的变化规律 ,为已发生变化的咬痕同一认定提供依据。方法　动态追踪观察活体及死亡动物咬痕的变化过程 ,并测定其相关形态参数 ,多元逐步回归分析咬痕形态、牙面积、时间、牙合力、牙宽度、牙厚度之间的关系 ,建立咬痕形态学变化回归方程。结果　咬痕的形态、牙形态、时间、牙合力有一定的数学关系 :S =-6 96-1 68× 10 2 T -0 11F +2 2 1W +3 75H (活体狗实验T <3 60min) ;S =-2 1 90 +5 3 4× 10 2 T -0 3 6F +4 5 7W +6 66H (死亡狗实验T <14 40min)。     

A Procedure for Calculating the Vertical Space Height of the Sacrum When Determining Skeletal Height for Use in the Anatomical Method of Adult Stature Estimation

Estimating stature from skeletonized remains is one of the essential parameters in the development of a biological profile. A new procedure for determining skeletal height (SKH) incorporating the vertical space height (VSH) from the anterior margin of the sacral promontory to the superior margins of the acetabulae for use in the anatomical method of stature estimation is introduced. Regression equations for stature estimation were generated from measurements of 38 American males of European ancestry from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection. The modification to the procedure results in a SKH that is highly correlated with stature (r = 0.925–0.948). Stature estimates have low standard errors of the estimate ranging from 21.79 to 25.95 mm, biases from to 0.50 to 0.94 mm, and accuracy rates from 17.71 mm to 19.45 mm. The procedure for determining the VSH, which replaces “S1 height” in traditional anatomical method models, is a key improvement to the method.     

Determination of stature from skeletal and skull measurements by CT scan evaluation

The aim of this article is to find a correlation between height and femur/skull measurements through Computed Tomography (CT) scans and derive regression equations for total skeletal height estimation in the Caucasian population. We selected 200 Caucasian patients from March 2010 to July 2011 who had to perform a CT scan for cancer restaging. The mean age is 64.5 years. Both sexes are represented by the same number of persons. Patients have executed a total body CT scan with contrast; once scan accomplished, we measured height through a digital scales. We analyzed CT scans of each patient, obtaining multiplanar reconstruction in sagittal and coronal planes with 1mm of thickness, and we measured 10 diameters of skull and femur. Then we performed a single and a multiple regression analysis considering the three diameters that better correlated with height. The skeletal diameters with the highest correlation coefficients with stature were femur lengths, length of cranial base (Ba-N), and distance from the posterior extremity of the cranial base to the inferior point of the nasal bone (Ba-NB). Although both femur and skull are skeletal segments used for stature estimation, in our sample femur gave stronger correlation with height than skull. h=35.7+1.48·BaN+2.32·BaNB+2.53·FEM and h=3.06·FEM+72.6 are the formulae that provided the most accurate stature assessment using multiple and single regression analysis respectively.     

视盘RNFL厚度改变与视野缺损的关系

目的探讨视网膜神经纤维层厚度与视野的关系及其在司法鉴定中的应用。方法采用GDx VCC和Octopus自动视野计对外伤视神经病变52例进行检查。按照视野有效值分组(组1-重伤组,组2-轻伤组,组3-轻微伤及以下组),统计其平均RNFL厚度,对各组的RNFL厚度进行方差分析;同时对平均RNFL厚度与视野指数(MD、MS、sLV)、视野有效值进行相关性及回归分析。结果组1的RNFL平均值36.300±8.456 95μm,组2的RNFL平均值53.647 4±15.453 06μm,组3的RNFL平均值60.903 6±9.535 14μm。通过方差分析,组1~3各组间差异显著,各组两两相比较差异显著。平均RNFL厚度与视野有效值、MS呈正相关(r=0.543、0.400,P0.05),平均RNFL厚度与MD、sLV呈负相关(r=-0.450、-0.440,P0.05)。平均RNFL厚度与视野有效值、MD、MS、sLV的直线回归方程分别为Y=0.967X+19.508、Y=0.095X-10.858、Y=0.175X+9.187、Y=-0.205X+20.215;二次项方程分别为Y=-0.037X~2+5.208X-93.795、Y=0.010X~2-1.325X+50.111、Y=-0.008X~2+1.103X-15.606、Y=0.004X~2-0.520X+22.232。结论 RNFL厚度检测具有客观评定视野的法医学价值,有望成为评估视野的一种客观、形态学新方法。     

Evaluation of breath-alcohol instruments. III. Controlled field trial with Alcolmeter pocket model

A breath-alcohol screening device, Alcolmeter pocket model, was evaluated in a controlled field trial with policeman operating the instruments. The results of tests made with subjects before they drank alcohol were always zero. The standard deviation (S.D.) of breath alcohol determinations increased with increase in the concentration of alcohol in the sample, being 0.036 mg/ml at a mean blood-ethanol concentration of 0.53 mg/ml. The S.D. varied among subjects tested (from 0.022 to 0.053 mg/ml) as well as among the instruments used (from 0.023 to 0.054 mg/ml). The breath test results were on average less than the actual blood-ethanol concentrations when a 2100: 1 blood/breath ratio was used to calibrate the Alcolmeter device. Blood ethanol (x) and Alcolmeter readings (y) were highly correlated (r = 0.95 +/- 0.018) and the regression equation was y = -0.017 + 0.95x. At a mean blood-ethanol concentration of 0.50 mg/ml, the Alcolmeter instrument will indicate 0.46 mg/ml on average. The standard error estimate was 0.085 mg/ml, being 17% of the mean Alcolmeter reading and this corresponds to 95% confidence limits of +/- 0.17 mg/ml. The results of this study show that Alcolmeter pocket-model is a useful device for breath-alcohol screening purposes at a blood-alcohol level of 0.50 mg/ml. A blood/breath ratio of 2300 should be used to calibrate the Alcolmeter device.     

Age-related factors in the relationship between foot measurements and living stature and body weight

The measurements of feet and footprints are especially important in forensic identification, as they have been used to predict the body height and weight of victims or suspects. It can be observed that the subjects of forensic-oriented studies are generally young adults. That is to say, researchers rarely take into consideration the body's proportional changes with age. Hence, the aim of this study is to generate equations which take age and sex into consideration, when stature and body weight are estimated from foot and footprints dimensions. With this aim in mind, we measured the stature, body weight, foot length and breadth, heel breadth, footprint length and breadth, and footprint heel breadth of 516 volunteers (253 males and 263 females) aged between 17.6 and 82.9 years using standard measurement techniques. The sample population was divided randomly into two groups. Group 1, the study group, consisted of 80% of the sample (n = 406); the remaining 20% were assigned to the cross-validation group or Group 2 (n = 110). In the first stage of the study, we produced equations for estimating stature and weight using a stepwise regression technique. Then, their reliability was tested on Group 2 members. Statistical analyses showed that the ratios of foot dimensions to stature and body weight change considerably with age and sex. Consequently, the regression equations which include these variables yielded more reliable results. Our results indicated that age and sex should be taken into consideration when predicting human body height and weight for forensic purposes.     

Models for commercialization of technology from universities and research laboratories

One of the most admired aspects of U.S. technology has been the ability to assimilate and commercialize new science and technology. In light of the rising international competition, there has been new emphasis placed on the commercialization of U.S. science and technology developed in the federal laboratories. While research and development remains the focus of these laboratories, passage of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Act of 1980 and the Technology Transfer Act of 1986 has resulted in a means to further the exploitation of discoveries, patents, and copyrights developed within the laboratories. The transfer of technology to industrial partners and users is a complex task for a federal laboratory. Since the interaction with industry, as well as market knowledge and assessment of the needs of business users are beyond the charter of a federal laboratory, new organizational mechanisms are required in order to obtain full commercial value from the laboratories' efforts. A study was instituted to examine selected organizational and policy arrangements for achieving the optimum commercial value from the science and technology research at the research and development laboratories sponsored and funded by the U.S. government.     

DNA internal standard for the quantitative determination of hallucinogenic plants in plant mixtures

Here, we show a new, simple, and rapid SYBR Green-based Real-Time PCR assay for the quantification of hallucinogenic plants in plant mixtures. As a test plant, Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva-M., a perennial herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family able to induce hallucinations, changes in perception, or other psychologically induced changes with similar potency as LSD, was used. The method was tested on seven mixtures 100/0%, 80/20%, 60/40%, 40/60%, 20/80%, 10/90%, 0/100% (w/w) S. divinorum versus a non-hallucinogenic plant, Salvia officinalis. Total DNA was extracted from samples and quantified by Real-Time PCR. Arabidopsis thaliana genomic DNA was added, as internal standard, at the beginning of each extraction. A new formula for the interpretation of Real-Time PCR data, based on the relative quantification of DNA extracted from mixture versus a reference DNA extracted from a known amount of pure S. divinorum, was developed. The results of this work show an almost perfect correspondence between Real-Time PCR-calculated weight and the weight estimated by an analytical weighted method, proving the effectiveness of this method for the quantitative analysis of a given species in a plant mixture.     

Prediction of stature from hand measurements

A sample of 166 normal adult males and females was taken from different colleges of Assiut representing those living in upper Egypt. Each subject has been studied for measurements of stature (S), hand length (HL) and hand breadth (HB). The data were statistically analysed in order to assess the relationship between stature and hand measurements. The correlation matrix of the study indicates close similarity of the relationship between stature and hand measurements in both sexes and in both sides. A generalized multiple regression equation has been designed to estimate stature from values of hand length and hand breadth regardless of sex or side in the form: S = 34.5 + 5.77 HL + 2.7 HB +/- 5.1. This equation may be helpful to obtain approximate stature when there is difficulty in obtaining a direct measurement or where there is a chance print of a criminal or an amputated hand or arm.     

Estimating height and weight from size of footprints

In the mid 1800s, Topinard proposed a simple formula for estimating a person's height: maximum foot length divided by 0.15 reveals the stature of most individuals. In addition to corroborating Topinard's findings, the author has developed formulas to serve as predictive models for estimating both height and weight when only a subject's footprint dimensions are known. The formulas are presented with a discussion of the data from which they are derived.     

Stature Estimation Formulae for Nigerians

Abstract:  In stature estimation, long limbs and the stature formula of Trotter and Gleser easily come to mind. In the recent past, a lot of workers have established formulae specific to their populations using whole length of limbs, fragmented bones, circumference of long bones, and even length of the vertebrae. We have in this work used tibia length, height of subjects, and the regression models to establish formulae specific to Nigerians. We measured height and tibia length of 200 (96 male and 104 female) adult Nigerians. The tibia length was measured from upper limit of the medial condoyle to the tip of medial malleolus using a measuring tape calibrated in meters while the height of individuals were also measured using meter scales. All measurements were made by one person, to avoid interobserver error, and repeatedly until a constant value is obtained. We obtained general formulae for males and females which compares favorably with that of Duyar and Pelin, and can be relied upon.     

根据霰弹丸分布图形推断射击距离的实验研究

目的 建立推断制式霰弹猎枪射击距离的数学计算公式和方法。方法 选用国产制式12号及16号猎枪,配用1号及3号猎枪弹,以1至12m距离射击实验靶纸,获得霰弹分布图形360例,将图形测量数据与实验距离进行数学理论分析。结果 建立6种不同枪弹种类推断射击距离d的计算公式,分别为12-1型(缩口)ss=-0.2+0.44d;12-1型(无缩口)ss=-0.94+0.63d;12-3型(缩口)ss=-0.59+0.52d;12-3型(无缩口)ss=-0.36+0.34d;16-1型s=-0.37+0.30d;16-3型s=-0.16+0.23d,并用Visual Basic5.0软件编制通用程序汇总软件。结论 本研究建立的方法简单实用,误差较小,可以用于推断制式猎枪的射击距离。