When should a firm collaborate with research organizations for innovation performance? The moderating role of innovation orientation,size, and age

Little is known about the conditions strengthening or weakening the impact of a firm’s collaboration with research organizations on innovation performance. Thus, this study uses a sample of 542 manufacturing firms in Korea to examine how innovation orientation and firm size and age as internal characteristics influence the relationship between collaboration with research organizations and innovation performance. The results show that collaboration with research organizations has a positive impact on innovation performance. More importantly, this effect is stronger (weaker) for firms with a strong orientation toward exploration (exploitation). In addition, older or larger firms obtain greater benefits from collaboration with research organizations. This study contributes toward clarifying a firm’s collaboration with research organizations.     

群众路线与我国基层服务型党组织建设实践及其优化建议

本文通过文献分析的方法。在总结我国各地党的基层服务型组织建设带动经济组织建设。带动社会管理创新，带动农村经济、社会发展以及带动村民自治和带动学习型党组织建设的基础上。从我国基层服务型党组织建设主体创新、内容创新、手段创新和理念创新四个方面提出了进一步优化的对策。     

Innovation capacity and economic development: China and India

Decomposing the GDP growth from 1981 to 2004, this paper finds that innovation capacity has contributed significantly to the economic growth of China and India, especially in the 1990 s. Outputs of the national innovation system, measured by patents and high-tech/service exports, demonstrate the considerable progress China and India have made in innovation capacity. The enhanced innovation capacity of China and India is primarily due to their heavy investment in the inputs of innovation system, i.e., R&D expenditure and R&D personnel, in recent decades. This paper emphasizes the role that the governments have played in promoting innovation capacity and their contribution to economic development. Both governments have transformed their national innovation systems through linking the science sector with the business sector, providing incentives for innovation activities, and balancing import of technology and indigenous R&D effort. Using case studies of domestic biotech firms in China and India, this paper also offers micro-level insights on innovation capacity and economic development: (1) innovation capacity has become essential for domestic firms?? market success and (2) global institutional factors and national government policies on innovation have considerable influence on the choice of innovation at the firm level, i.e., to conduct indigenous R&D or to import foreign technology.     

政府示范项目对技术创新影响机制研究——以贵阳LNG与北上广LPG公交车示范项目为例

示范项目是当今世界各主要国家政府贯彻科技政策的重要抓手,也是中国发展进程中常用的策略安排。然而国内外有关示范项目的研究的匮乏,使得当前我国亟待回答两个问题:一是在相似的背景条件下,为什么有的示范项目成功了,有的示范项目失败了?二是政府资助的示范工程如何影响技术创新?通过贵州贵阳与北上广新能源公共交通示范项目两个案例的对比,定性化地描述和解析了政府示范工程的客观条件(技术就绪水平、市场和产业就绪水平、制度就绪水平)对技术创新绩效(产生信息、实现应用和促进扩散)的作用机制,并提出政府示范工程影响技术创新的概念模型。     

Academic spin-offs, corporate spin-outs and company internal start-ups as technology transfer approach

As a rule, a technology transfer gap exists between research and development and the commercialisation of the results. This article investigates the role of new ventures for technology transfer from universities and research institutions as well as between or within companies to close this gap. Based on case studies in Germany and Switzerland, different examples of this technology transfer approach have been analysed. Academic spin-offs can help to transfer technology from universities and research institutions to industry especially if there is the need for additional funding to further develop the technology. Corporate spin-outs can be used for technology transfer between companies as an alternative to closing operations should these no longer fit into the parent organisation. Internal start-ups were identified as a new approach for company internal technology transfer from research departments to business units focused on commercial operations to overcome innovation barriers within companies.     

Organizational factors related to technology transfer and innovation

This paper highlights those organizational factors which the research literature indicates as having an impact upon an organization's likelihood to exhibit innovative behavior. Measures of technical progressiveness, characteristics of firms receptive to outside information, the effect of organizational size, internal structure and procedures, and other factors are investigated, as are policies which encourage innovation. It is concluded that most research offers little of value to one desiring to make agiven organization more innovative (such as through effective internal communication of technical information), but is of value to an outsider attempting to identifywhich organizations are likely to be receptive to new technology.     

再论我国慈善组织公信力的法律重塑

公信力是慈善组织生存之基,公益性是慈善组织公信力之源。影响慈善组织公信力的因素既包括法治因素,也包括文化因素、体制因素等。我国慈善法律体系已经形成,内容较为全面完善,关于慈善组织的法律定位也较为明确,法律实施不到位以及官民二重性是制约我国慈善组织公信力提升的主要原因。官民二重性有悖于慈善组织的民间本性,导致慈善组织的独立性、公益性、运作效率降低,导致对慈善组织监管不力,并进而阻碍慈善事业的健康发展。要以理顺政府和慈善组织的关系为核心,进一步加强慈善法治建设,推动我国慈善的现代转型。在慈善法治建设中,信息公开是前提,创新管理是保障,强化监督是抓手,责任落实是关键。     

SCI论文在我国司法鉴定科学研究中的意义探讨

在国际科学界,被SCI收录或引用的科技论文数量已经成为评价研究成果学术水平、衡量一个国家的基础研究水平和科技实力水平的重要评价指标。我国从上世纪80年代起开始广泛采用SCI论文评价科研水平。结合我国司法鉴定领域SCI论文发表现状,探讨其对科学研究的引领作用,对推进学科创新有积极意义。     

Total Innovation Management: a novel paradigm of innovation management in the 21st century

Based on an ecosystem view of innovation management and in-depth case studies of firms in China and abroad, a novel paradigm of innovation management—Total Innovation Management (TIM)—is put forward in this paper. This new paradigm draws on three distinct areas of recent research, namely the innovation theory of the firm, the resource-based view (RBV), and the complexity theory. It introduces the theoretical framework of TIM, and presents a tri-dimensional innovation strategy model, which includes all elements of innovation, all innovators, and innovation in all times and spaces, and aims at value added and created.     

The Evolution of the CPC’s Conception of Association and Regulation of Social Organizations in China

Freedom of association and all institutions coming with it have not been accepted by the Chinese government. Instead, Chinese social organization administration is based upon the concept of association held by the Communist Party of China (CPC). The Chinese government had adopted a “total control” model of social organization administration in the era of totalitarianism before the “Opening-up and Reform”, leaving almost no room for social organizations to survive, because the CPC had regarded social organizations as “revolutionary” and “deconstructive”. The Chinese has adopted a graduated control system to administrate social organizations in the era of authoritarianism after the “Opening-up and Reform”, treating social organizations differently according to their threats to the ruling order and their utilities for economic development, because the CPC has viewed social organizations as a “challenging” but “auxiliary” power. The on-going “innovation of registration and administration of social organizations” is not a return to international standard regarding social organization administration in China, but only partial reform of the graduate control system still based upon the CPC’s conception of association as “challenging” but “auxiliary”. Social organizations capable of providing public goods in areas of economic development and social services are given more favorable treatment by the government while political and religious organizations are still tightly controlled by the government.     

经济发展方式转变的数理逻辑与系统思考

本文围绕加快转变经济发展方式是我国当前经济工作的紧迫任务、科技进步促进经济发展方式转变的历史回顾、科技创新优化经济发展方式的现实比较、经济发展方式转变的数理逻辑与阶段特征和加快我国区域经济发展方式转变的路径选择等方面对转变经济发展方式问题进行了分析,并探讨了我国当前区域经济发展的阶段性特征及其发展规律。     

Who Develops a University Invention? The Impact of Tacit Knowledge and Licensing Policies

In this paper, I propose a theoretical model to illustrate how the inventor know-how affects whether the inventor starts a firm to develop her idea or licenses an invention to an established firm for development. Inventor start-ups are characterized as development organizations that serve a temporary role in the invention–innovation process, developing an invention until they can sell the developed invention to an established firm that owns requisite complementary assets for commercialization. This model is then used to analyze the role and impact of a university technology transfer office (TTO) on this process to understand how TTO’s may both positively and negatively impact the transaction. The model posits a general theory of inventor–entrepreneur behavior in university and corporate research labs based on two factors: the importance of know-how and the distribution of inventors’ personal costs to transfer that know-how.     

高校科技创新地位的比较研究

高校是我国科技创新的四大主体之一,然而其重要性并未得到应有的重识。高校研发经费支出远低于企业和研究机构。研发活动多集中于应用研究,基础研究和试验发展研究薄弱,专利授权量与申请量比值低。与发达国家相比,我国高校在国家科技创新体系中的地位不高,研发经费投入总量低、强度小、人均经费少,研发经费在各活动领域的配置不合理。我国应借鉴域外经验,加大对高校研发经费的投入力度,推进校企结合和高校与研究机构的整合,提升高校的科技创新能力和高校在国家科技创新体系中的地位。     

Regional Innovation Systems: General Findings and Some New Evidence from Biotechnology Clusters

This paper focuses on interactive innovation. It starts by operationalising Regional Innovation in the context of multi-level governance. It shows how regional and external innovation interaction among firms and other innovation organizations is important for regional innovation potential. The ability to access and use funding for innovation support for regional firms and organizations is crucial for regional innovation promotion. Equity investment funding is more important than public funding, which tends to be cautious and otherwise risk avoiding, except in circumstances of market arrest or failure to develop. Regional systems of innovation are broader than single sectors or clusters but some of these will be strategically privileged recipients of policy support because of their growth performance or potential, rather than, as in the past, their uncompetitiveness. The paper devotes space to exploring biotechnology clustering from a regional innovation systems viewpoint, as an instance of rather strong sectoral, regional innovation systems capabilities, though integrated also to global knowledge supply and markets. Illustration is provided of the way such sectoral innovation systems work at local regional level by reference to cases from Cambridge, Massachusetts and Cambridge, England.     

Patent-based investment funds: from invention to innovation

In the context of entrepreneurial ecosystems the transformation of inventions to innovations is a crucial measure of success. Yet, the exploitation of inventions stemming from academic or corporate research is not as extensive as we would wish leaving room for improvements. Drawing on the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship we investigate the phenomenon of patent-based investment funds as a new type of intermediary in the knowledge spillover process, which could facilitate the transformation from invention to innovation. Using a qualitative research design we analyze data from 21 expert interviews and complementary archival data. We find common characteristics of funds’ activities which decrease knowledge filters and fill the financing gap in the early stages of technology development. We propose a classification of commercialization strategies and link them to a specific set of invention characteristics. Our insights contribute to the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship and to the knowledge filter model by providing empirical evidence for the division of labor between knowledge creator and commercialization agent. This adds to our view on entrepreneurial ecosystems as we shed light on different players in the transition process from invention to innovation and thus enhance our understanding of the multifaceted aspects in such an ecosystem. In addition, we refine the literature on patent-based investment funds by providing a classification of the entire commercialization spectrum used by funds and add to extant theorizing on how the nature of a technology determines its commercialization.

     

转型时期党领导下的边疆地区社会管理方式创新研究——以广西河池基层党组织建设为例

本文在对我国边疆地区社会管理所面临的无限增长的基层公共服务需求,不断增加的流动人口和特殊群体数量,动态变化的社会管理新形势、新情况,人民群众深刻变化的思想观念和相对欠缺的少数领导干部的能力和素质等问题进行分析的基础上,对广西河池依托基层党组织建设探索出的转型时期边疆地区党领导下的社会管理方式创新进行了深层次的解读,旨在为边疆地区新时期社会管理创新工作提供理论和实践上的参考。     

直面经济和社会发展中的经济法问题

2007年,中国经济法学界针对经济和社会发展中的经济法问题,展开研究,在具体问题的解决、研究领域的拓展、研究方法的更新等方面均取得了明显的进步,特别是税收法、反垄断法、特别市场规制法等。2008年经济法学研究在继续加强制度研究的同时,有必要在总论研究上有新的突破。     

Technology Transfer in European Regions: Introduction to the Special Issue

Regions can be considered as “regional innovation systems,” but the question of whether and to what extent technology transfer is taking place at this or other (e.g., national and global) levels remains empirical. The theme issue contains a number of case studies of “regional innovation systems” within the European Union. Other papers elaborate on the pros and cons of the systemic approach to the technology transfer processes involved, or make comparisons across regions. In this introduction, the editors discuss the relations between regional policies, technology and innovation policies, and the integration of these different aspects into (potentially regional) systems of innovation. Under what conditions can “technology transfer” be considered as a mechanism of integration at the regional level?