Caspase与皮肤损伤

Caspase家族,目前已知至少由14个成员组成,该家族成员在细胞凋亡过程中发挥着重要作用。实验研究表明,在皮肤损伤及愈合过程中,伴随着Caspase的活化和表达,这可能与Caspase诱导细胞凋亡的发生有关。深入研究Caspase在皮肤损伤及愈合过程中的作用机制,有望为皮肤损伤的治疗和法医学损伤时间的推断提供新的方法。本文综述了Caspase家族的生物学特性以及Caspase在皮肤损伤及愈合过程中的研究进展,认为Caspase在皮肤损伤及愈合过程中发挥重要作用,具有深入研究的必要。     

小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中纤维细胞募集和分化的时间依赖性

目的 观察小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中,纤维细胞募集和分化随时间变化的规律性.方法 应用免疫荧光技术共定位纤维细胞[共表达CD45、Ⅰ型前胶原(procollagen Ⅰ)]和肌成纤维细胞[共表达CD45、平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)],计数纤维细胞及其分化成的肌成纤维细胞.结果 ...     

A preliminary study on the changes of expression of PDGF-beta,PDGFR-beta,TGF-beta 1, TGFR,bFGF and its relationship with the wound age in wound healing

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the expression change of cytokines and the wound age during the healing process of rats skin wound. METHODS: Immunohistochemical and image-analysis methods were performed on vital skin wounds(after incision 0.5-168 h am) and postmortem damage(after incision 0.5-6 h pm). RESULTS: The expression of the cytokines PDGF-beta, PDGFR-beta, TGF-beta 1, and bFGF in the epithelial cells was already enhanced since 0.5 h am after damage and their strongest expression reaction was seen at 24-96 h am. In addition, the expression of PDGF-beta, PDGFR-beta, TGF-beta 1 and bFGF was also found in the macrophages and the fibroblasts of the granulation tissue, and the expression changes in the postmortem damage group showed that the skin tissue within 0.5-3 h after incision showed immunohistochemical changes but weakly expression and 3 h thereafter no any change was found. CONCLUSION: The expression characteristics of the above mentioned cytokines in wound repair should be related to the wound age and it reminds therefore that they may be used as immunohistochemical criteria for accurate determining the wound age.     

Vitality and time course of wounds

The term "wound" describes the morphologic-functional disruption of the continuity of a tissue structure. A wound can be inflicted during life--when the cardiovascular and respiratory system is still intact--or after death, i.e. after cardiac and respiratory arrest. Traumatization during life triggers vital reactions that do not occur in postmortem wounds. Three types of vital reactions in wound healing can be distinguished: Reactions of the scavenger type, which are almost exclusively mediated by blood cells. Reactions by complex signal transduction pathways, which involves cascade-like release of chemokines, cytokines and adhesion molecules and may influence type 1 and type 3 reactions. Reactions of the scarring type, which involve the final repair of the damaged tissue and are carried out primarily by cells residing at the wound edges, i.e. partly concerning mesenchymal cells and partly tissue-specific cells dependent on the involved organ system. The three different types of reaction follow roughly parallel temporal courses that include cascade-like interactions among themselves. Whereas demonstration of a vital reaction suffices to differentiate an intravital wound from a postmortem wound, the vital reactions themselves follow strictly temporal courses. The regular time-dependent occurrence of each phenomenon allows--in limits--a reliable temporal classification of wound healing. A review will be given especially demonstrating the actual German scientific research in vitality and in skin wound timing as well as in timing of mechanical injury of the brain.     

皮肤损伤愈合中NOS的表达及NO的作用

皮肤损伤愈合是机体保持组织完整性的一个有组织的过程,需要炎症细胞、生物化学介质之间的复杂作用。一氧化氮合酶(nitricoxidesynthase,NOS)是皮肤组织损伤愈合过程中的一个重要因子,合成一氧化氮(nitricoxide),生成的一氧化氮参与损伤愈合的全过程,在炎症介导,细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡及血管形成、基质沉积和损伤后组织重构中均发挥重要作用,而且在某些皮肤疾病中,NO也具有重要作用。本文针对近年来NOS在损伤愈合过程中的研究进展,综述了在皮肤损伤愈合过程中NOS的表达和NO的作用,认为NOS是皮肤损伤愈合机制的一个重要方面,具有深入研究的必要。     

小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中iNOS和eNOS表达的免疫组织化学研究

目的观察小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中,iNOS和eNOS在损伤区及损伤周边区内的表达及其变化规律。方法小鼠背部制作全层切创,应用免疫组织化学技术观察伤后切创组织中iNOS和eNOS的表达,并和无切创的小鼠作为对照。结果损伤区及损伤周边区细胞,伤后3h的损伤皮肤组织中可见少量的多型核细胞表达iNOS和eNOS,伤后6～24h,大部分浸润的中性粒细胞和单核细胞为iNOS和eNOS阳性。随着时间的延长,iNOS和eNOS阳性细胞以单核细胞和成纤维细胞为主。伤后3hiNOS的阳性细胞比率较低,6h～1d持续性增加并于1d达到最高峰,3～7d维持在一个相对稳定的水平直至伤后10d再次达高峰,10～14d开始下降。eNOS的阳性细胞率在伤后1～3h表达较低,6h～3d持续性增高,并在3d达到最高峰,在其后的5d内保持稳定表达,之后开始下降。而且损伤区及损伤周边区、特别是肉芽组织内的新生血管可见iNOS和eNOS不同强度的表达。结论小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中,iNOS和eNOS在损伤周边区内多型核细胞、单核细胞和成纤维细胞中表达,其时序性变化可望用于皮肤损伤时间的推断。     

Forensic Potential of MMPs and CC Chemokines for Wound Age Determination

In this study, we investigated time-dependent expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, MMP-9, chemokine CC motif ligand (CCL)-2, CCL-3, CCL-5, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA at the skin injury site and sought their forensic potentials during the skin wound repair process. The tested wound ages in 42 mouse skin wounds were distributed at 0d, 1d, 3d, 5d, 7d, 10d, and 14d, respectively and then followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Ultimately, MMP-2 played an important role in the inflammation phase. On the contrary, MMP-9 became involved at a later phase during wound healing. Meanwhile, CCL-2 and CCL-3 were active throughout almost all of the process. However, CCL-5 mRNA had no significance. Collectively, an MMP-9/MMP-2 ratio of over 0.84 indicated that skin wound healing age was strongly 5 days or less. So elevated gene expressions of cytokines and chemokines in different phases of wound ages implied that combined exploration could make wound age determination more accurate and objective.     

小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中磷酸化 p38MAPK 表达及其与时间的相关性

目的探讨小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中损伤区磷酸化p38MAPK(p-p38MAPK)的表达情况,以及不同损伤时间p-p38MAPK的变化规律。方法应用免疫组织化学和Westernblot的方法检测33例小鼠皮肤切创后各个时间段p-p38MAPK表达情况。结果正常组织中有少量的p-p38MAPK表达。伤后3～12h损伤区p-p38MAPK主要表达于中性粒细胞中,1～5dp-p38MAPK阳性表达主要为单核细胞和成纤维细胞。7～14dp-p38MAPK阳性表达主要以成纤维细胞为主。阳性细胞率3～12h逐渐升高,1d有所下降,3、5d阳性细胞率保持在高水平,7～14d阳性细胞率逐渐降低。Westernblot显示各个时间段均有p-p38MAPK的表达。其中12h和3d为2个p-p38MAPK含量的高峰。结论在小鼠切创愈合过程中p-p38MAPK在损伤区对诱导中性粒细胞、单核细胞和成纤维细胞的凋亡起重要的作用,同时p-p38MAPK的规律性表达可用于损伤时间的推断。     

人皮肤成纤维细胞早期损伤后EDA-FN表达与损伤时间的关系

目的探讨培养的人体皮肤成纤维细胞损伤后纤维连接蛋白EDA片段的表达情况与损伤时间的关系。方法培养人体皮肤成纤维细胞,利用单克隆抗体进行免疫组织化学染色及Western检测。结果培养中的人体成纤维细胞可以微量表达EDA,随损伤时间延长而表达量增加。结论EDA片段表达变化可以作为法医学早期损伤时间推断的比较理想的指标。     

Preclinical Assessment of Safety and Efficacy of Fluorescent Dye for Detecting Dermal Injuries (the injuries were both abrasions and incision) in a Murine Model

Objective documentation of tears and abrasions to the external genitalia after sexual assault is an important part of the forensic examination. A 1% aqueous solution of toluidine blue (TB) dye is often used to highlight injury, but the dye can be difficult to see on dark skin. We evaluated a fluorescent dye for detecting injuries on all skin colors in a relevant preclinical murine model. We compared the ability of trained, blinded observers to detect unstained wounds and wounds stained with 1% fluorescein sodium (FL) and with TB. We also evaluated the cutaneous wound healing response after application of both dyes. The no‐dye group had significantly fewer (p < 0.05) true‐positive identifications compared to all the dye groups. No differences in effectiveness were detected between dye treatments. All groups exhibited statistically similar healing rates. These findings support the evaluation of fluorescein sodium in a future clinical study with human subjects.     

小鼠皮肤切创IL-10和IL-4的表达及其与损伤时间关系

目的　探讨IL 10、IL 4在小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中的表达变化规律及其与损伤时间的关系。方法　应用免疫组织化学及图像分析技术 ,观察实验小鼠不同时程的生前伤 ( 0 5～ 168h)及死后伤 ( 1～ 6h)皮肤创伤局部IL 10、IL 4的表达情况。结果　生前伤 ,IL 10在伤后 1～ 3h阳性反应逐渐增强 ,3h达峰值 ,2 4h降至较低水平 ,伤后 48h再次升高 ,72h又达新峰值 ,其阳性表达部位主要在表皮细胞及单核 /巨噬细胞 ;IL 4于伤后 2 4h出现明显阳性反应 ,96h表达水平达峰值 ,168h仍维持在较高水平 ,其阳性细胞主要为创伤局部的成纤维细胞。死后伤 ,IL 10仅于死后 1～ 3h呈阳性染色 ,IL 4未见阳性染色。结论　IL 10、IL 4在小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中的表达呈现一定的时序性变化。     

不同损伤时间大鼠皮肤切创 Fos表达研究

目的研究皮肤切创在伤后不同时间段 Fos的表达 . 方法在大鼠皮肤切创模型石蜡切片上进行 Fos免疫组化染色 . 结果伤后 10min, 表达量开始增高 , 伤后 3h达高峰 , 以后又逐渐降低 , 至损伤 1d后 , 表达量与对照组无显著性差别 . 结论 Fos为皮肤伤后的敏感指标 , 但需结合其他指标综合评价 .     

小鼠皮肤切创后不同时间的Tenascin免疫组化染色变化

目的探讨小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中Tenascin表达变化及其与损伤时间的关系。方法制作小鼠背部全层皮肤切创模型,于伤后1、3、6、12h,1、3、6、9、12d分别观察切创周围皮肤、创缘皮肤及创腔肉芽组织的Tenascin免疫组化染色反应,并用图像分析技术检测Tenascin阳性染色的平均光密度,所得数据用SPSS for Windows 10.0软件包进行统计学分析。对照用无切创皮肤。结果对照组仅见真皮乳头、毛囊免疫组化染色弱阳性反应;伤后3h在切创周围的真皮乳头及毛囊Tenascin阳性染色增加;伤后12h明显增强,1~3d达最大值(0.336±0.061;0.282±0.017);伤后6d染色强度开始减弱,9~12d基本恢复正常。创缘皮肤及创腔肉芽组织伤后3~6h开始出现Tenascin阳性着色,12h明显增强,6d达最大值(0.410±0.051;0.460±0.027);伤后9d阳性着色开始减弱,12d基本恢复正常。结论小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中产生的Tenascin随损伤时间呈现一定的规律性变化。     

肥大细胞与创伤

肥大细胞在创伤及愈合中起重要作用,其在创伤后随时间而呈现的一定规律的病理生理改变对于法医学中损伤时间及死亡时间的推断、生前伤或死后伤的鉴别方面具有重要的意义。本文对肥大细胞及其活性介质在创伤愈合、瘢痕疙瘩、烧伤后炎症反应、骨折愈合中的作用,以及在法医学中的应用和研究进展进行了综述。     

小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中FAP和α-SMA的表达

目的观察小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中成纤维细胞激活蛋白（fibroblast activation protein,FAP）和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA）表达的变化规律。方法应用免疫组织化学和West-ern印迹法检测小鼠皮肤切创后各个时间段FAP和α-SMA表达情况。结果免疫组化结果显示FAP与α-SMA在正常对照组及伤后1h组小鼠皮肤弱表达,伤后6h阳性细胞率开始升高,伤后5dFAP阳性细胞率达高峰,伤后3dα-SMA阳性细胞率达高峰,伤后14dFAP与α-SMA恢复至与对照组相同。Western印迹法检测显示FAP和α-SMA从1d起各个时间段均有表达,其中5d为FAP的表达高峰,3d为α-SMA的表达高峰。结论FAP可作为法医学皮肤切创形成时间的推断指标,α-SMA可作为损伤修复中后期的推断指标,FAP与α-SMA联合使用有望成为推断皮肤损伤时间的有效指标。     

Putrefaction and wound dehiscence: a potentially confusing postmortem phenomenon

The decomposed body of a 49-year-old man was found at his home address. At autopsy, 3 incised wounds of the lower abdomen and groins were identified, raising the possibility of some form of inflicted injury. Further dissection revealed that the wounds were healing surgical incisions that had been forced open by putrefactive tissue breakdown, swelling, and gas formation. Death was due to ischemic heart disease. Putrefaction is a common problem encountered in forensic practice that may result in considerable distortion and modification of tissues. Unusual skin lesions caused by the disruption and dehiscence of healing surgical wounds may be created by decomposition. This possibility should be considered when symmetrical, cleanly incised wounds are identified.     

降钙素基因相关肽的研究及在法医病理学中的应用

降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)参与了人体许多重要的生理、病理过程。近年来研究发现在某些疾病的发病和损伤修复中CGRP也发挥重要作用。深入研究并应用CGRP对临床诊治和法医检案都具有重要意义。     

小鼠皮肤创伤愈合过程中IL-10在不同表达部位的组化定量研究

目的探讨小鼠皮肤创伤愈合过程中IL-10在不同表达部位的变化与损伤时间的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学技术和形态计量法,对小鼠不同时程皮肤切创组织中IL-10不同表达部位(表皮细胞及表皮下组织的浸润细胞)的变化进行研究。结果皮肤切创前后表皮层均有阳性表达,切创后1～3h表皮细胞阳性表达水平迅速升高,24h时降至较低水平,伤后48h表达水平再次升高,96h后逐渐回复到正常水平;表皮以下阳性部位主要是浸润的单核/巨噬细胞,损伤6h后阳性细胞在真皮、皮下组织及创口肉芽组织内逐渐增多,于伤后72h达最大值(51.41±3.12)%,96～168h阳性细胞数逐渐减少(29.38±2.64)%～(5.56±4.74)%。结论皮肤创伤修复过程中IL-10在不同表达部位的变化特点与皮肤损伤时间相关,检测其表达变化可望用于损伤时间推断。     

小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中p-JNK变化及其与时间的相关性

目的 探讨小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中损伤区磷酸化JNK（p-JNK）的变化及不同损伤时间p-JNK的变化规律。方法 应用免疫组织化学和Westernblot方法检测小鼠皮肤切创后各个时间段p-JNK的变化情况。结果 正常组织中有少量p-JNK阳性着色。伤后3～12h损伤区p-JNK阳性着色主要在中性粒细胞,1～5dp-JNK阳性着色主要为单核细胞和成纤维细胞,7～14dp-JNK阳性着色以成纤维细胞为主。阳性细胞率3h～1d逐渐增高,1d达到峰值,3～5d有所下降,7d阳性细胞率达第二峰值。10～14d逐渐降低。Westernblot显示各个时间段均有p-JNK的阳性条带,其中12h和3d为p-JNK含量的2个高峰。结论 小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中p-JNK在损伤区对诱导中性粒细胞、单核细胞和成纤维细胞的凋亡起非常重要的作用。同时P-JNK的规律性变化可用于损伤时间推断。     

小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中α7nAChR表达与损伤时间关系

目的检测皮肤切创愈合过程中α7nAChR的表达及其时间规律性变化。方法建立小鼠皮肤切创模型,应用免疫组织化学技术及Western blot方法检测切创后不同时间段皮肤中α7nAChR的表达。结果免疫组织化学结果显示,对照组α7nAChR表达于表皮、毛囊、皮脂腺、血管内皮及真皮中少数的成纤维细胞;伤后6～12h切创皮肤损伤区及周边区可见少量多核粒细胞和单核细胞表达α7nAChR,1～3d以单核细胞阳性表达为主,5～14d以成纤维细胞为主。α7nAChR阳性细胞率于伤后1d开始升高,伤后7d达最高峰,随后逐渐下降。经Western blot检测显示,对照组及各实验组均有α7nAChR阳性条带,其中伤后7d为α7nAChR表达高峰。结论α7nAChR在小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中呈现一定的时序性变化。