The Evolution of the Theoretical Foundations of Punctuated Equilibrium Theory in Public Policy

Punctuated equilibrium theory in public policy replicated from biological punctuated equilibrium theory has concluded that public policies alternate between stasis and punctuation. However, recent research on Pacific Northwest forest policy, U.S. state tobacco policy, and U.S federal auto efficiency policy have found no punctuations despite an attempt to do so. What is the efficacy of using biological punctuated equilibrium theory to also explain punctuated equilibrium in public policy? Significant differences exist between biological and public policy punctuated equilibrium theory including time frames for change, what constitutes outside disturbances of equilibrium, venues of punctuated equilibrium, levels of analysis for change, and patterns of change. Most policy research on punctuation has focused on the “tone” of media coverage related to change. Some recent studies concluding no punctuation occurred have focused on government action or inaction. Proving strong inference in scientific research requires a clear and viable syllogism linked to appropriate methodology. Both of these crucial elements are now in question in punctuated equilibrium research in public policy.     

Untangling Housing Cost and Transportation Interactions: The Location Affordability Index Model—Version 2 (LAIM2)

Abstract

It is now accepted that to have an understanding of housing affordability one must consider not only housing costs, but also the transportation costs associated with that household location. To make this information readily accessible to the public, the United States government created an Internet resource, the Location Affordability Portal – Version 2 (www.locationaffordability.info), to provide housing and transportation costs for every neighborhood in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Although the statistical model at the heart of this resource was designed for predictive accuracy, its design and parameter estimates can provide additional insights into the interaction of housing cost and transportation choices (and thus its cost). This study describes the development and explores the policy implications (and limitations) of this structural equations model, the Location Affordability Index Model – Version 2 (LAIM2).     

Re‐imagining Geographic Labour Mobility through ‘Distance Labour’

Geographic labour mobility is necessary for increasing productivity in Australia. Long‐distance commuting has been found to be especially significant. However, important considerations are being excluded from policy discussions within the Productivity Commission on this topic. This commentary covers these important omissions. They are, namely, the problematic conflation of the terminologies of ‘fly‐in, fly‐out’ and ‘long‐distance commuting’ with mining, and a lack of qualitative research investigating the material impacts of these labour practices on people's lives. This commentary puts forward a new terminology, ‘distance labour’, to better include those industries on the margins of distance commuting. By accounting for the social worlds of workers engaged in distance labour, the Productivity Commission could increase the validity of its datasets, and provide more egalitarian policy recommendations.     

现阶段我国城市层级格局的主要特点及政策意涵分析--基于城市组织和整合功能的视角

基于城市组织和整合的新视角对我国城市系统进行层级分析,发现我国城市系统明显呈“倒丁字型”格局,即少数顶层城市中心主导绝大多数其他城市,而大量功能弱势城市集中堆积在城市系统的底部,其中主要包含六大城市层级。我国城镇化的历史进程、发展战略、推动模式、户籍政策等因素,共同塑造了这种格局。鉴于该格局容易导致大城市病与小城市动力不足,我国亟需调整大城市的户籍制度,大力发展地区性和省级城市中心,以优化城市层级格局,进而促使不同层级城市间的良性互动。     

关于北京城市现代化和国际化水平的比较研究（下）

四、国际竞争力的差距城市的国际竞争力是城市参与国际竞争的能力 ,是城市对全球人才、技术、资金等资源的吸引能力。城市国际竞争力的强弱取决于城市信息化水平、科技实力、国际交通能力和经济开放度的高低。在这些方面 ,北京国际交通能力较低 ,其他几方面的基础条件与发达国家接近。(一 )信息化程度接近发达国家水平资料显示 ,2 0世纪 80年代前后 ,以纽约为首的几个全球性世界城市正是通过电信技术的革新 ,使信息活动得以集中化 ,从而使得在一个特定城市的中心区协调和控制全国乃至全球经济成为可能。例如纽约 ,至 1 984年 ,美国有 1 /3的…     

Urban citizenship of rural migrants in reform-era China

One paradoxical reality of today's China is that urban citizenship does not necessarily go to those who have already moved to the city. Rural migrants are now allowed to work in cities but are deprived of a wide range of entitlements. Taking Shanghai, the most populous city in the world's most populous country, as a case study, this article establishes significant empirical content to elucidate how the notion of urban citizenship is interpreted in China, what criteria are applied for granting the urban citizenship, to what extent the entitlements of migrants in cities are comparable to those of the bona fide urban residents, and whether the lack of urban citizenship influences migrants' integration into host cities. Empirical investigation shows that granting of the urban hukou (household registration) is based largely on migrants' contribution to, rather than simply on their presence in, the host city. In the context of reform-era China, urban citizenship is used by city government not only to exclude some members of society from accessing urban welfare but also to make the urban economy more competitive by grabbing capital and human resources possessed by migrants.     

Do Shrinking Cities Allow Redevelopment Without Displacement? An Analysis of Affordability Based on Housing and Transportation Costs for Redeveloping,Declining, and Stable Neighborhoods

Abstract

Plans and policies to combat or mitigate gentrification typically pursue affordable housing production and preservation as the primary mechanism to avoid displacement. However, it is unclear whether affordable housing financing mechanisms function as designed in weak market cities. As such, we question whether the housing-only approach is a complete one and whether increased transportation investments in redeveloping neighborhoods in shrinking cities can be leveraged to improve the lives of the poor. Our results suggest that funding for subsidized housing does not produce units affordable to the poor in declining cities, limiting the efficacy of a housing-only approach. Furthermore, we find that transportation costs make up a larger proportion of household budgets among families living in declining neighborhoods. These results suggest that transportation improvements—particularly those aimed at bicycling and pedestrian accessibility—may be the most efficient approach to mitigating displacement and improving quality of life for low-income households in shrinking cities.     

中小城镇发展问题的反思与转变

分析我国城市发展“小城镇,大问题”、“小城镇,大发展”、“小城镇,大战略”转变历程,反思中小城镇发展问题的战略路径,在新型城镇化背景下,重新回归到研究增强中小城镇发展问题上。依据城镇规模等级体系理论,研究得出了中小城镇建设在城镇体系结构和城镇化建设中的战略地位作用,提出了加快中小城镇建设发展的思路,地方政府要优化公共服务,统筹城发乡展,更好引导发挥企业和居民“以足投票”的作用,为完善城市体系结构和城市可持续发展提供新动力。     

The Case for the Development of Public Transit in an Urban Boundary Rural Area

Individuals' preferences for automobiles are often taken for granted in our auto centric society. This study attempts to determine if commuters in a city located beyond the fringe of a metropolitan area are willing to use public transit if it is developed and what are the socioeconomic and attitudinal factors that influence individuals' decision to use such a service. Analyses of survey data reveal that preferences exist for public transit service, which can be partly attributed to individuals' concerns regarding rising gasoline prices and air pollution, and is particularly noticeable among those who are educated and/or belong to a younger age group.     

The Concept, Connotations and Theoretical Frame of Urban Systems Engineering

Based on the concept of urban development, definition of urban systems engineering （USE） was put forward as a methodology for dealing with problems in the process of optimal evolution of urban whole, which is under the guidance of combination of urban thoughts and system approaches. Then the connotations of USE were elaborated, making the viewpoint of space time as a research clue, city and development as two research themes, urban system, urban logic and urban institution as three research dimensions, and stages, rules, strategies and regulation of development as four research problems. Finally by making Wuli-Shili-Renli systems methodology as stand, the theoretical frame of USE was built.     

运输毒品罪主观要件研究

当前,关于运输毒品罪的认定,有许多问题存在争议,特别是主观要件方面,如关于明知的认定,是否包括间接故意,主观动机和目的是不是必备要件,共同犯罪故意的认定,对象认识错误的认定和处罚等。因而有必要对其进行分析研究,以期对铁路公安部门打击运输毒品犯罪有点滴之借鉴。     

文化动力：一种解释城市发展与转型的新思维

城市发展动力问题一直备受社会和学界关注。新型城镇化背景下,以人为本的思路要求城市发展模式从规模粗放型向质量集约型转变、从增量扩能向做优存量调整。因为单纯依赖土地、劳动力、资金和管理效率等要素的“传统模式”,很难维持城市的可持续发展。在新背景下,大城市如何进一步发展,提升内涵与质量？文化动力模式作为一种新的发展路径,是对该问题的学术回应。文化动力中的“文化”,并不是指那种模糊的、抽象的、无所不包的文化,而是指那些与本地居民生活息息相关的生活文化设施、多样性组织、各种文化实践等构成的城市场景,以及场景中隐藏的自我表达、超凡魅力和时尚等价值观与生活方式。这些因素能对创意阶层产生吸引作用,并影响该群体的城市流动和新兴公司选址等。从这个角度来说,文化动力模式作为一种全新思维,重塑着城市发展与转型的后工业路径。     

Inadequate adaptation of creative city paradigm? Taiwanese cultural and creative-led urban regeneration policies through the eyes of urban development experts

Like other East Asian countries, Taiwan has in the last decade experienced the transmission and adaptation of creative city policies, coming mainly from western urban planning models. This quite fast and at times insufficiently reflected adaptation of cultural and creative-led urban regeneration schemes has left marks on both the social and physical fabric of Taiwanese cities. Using interview evidence and combining it with a modified Delphi method to analyse the outcomes of implementating creative city policies, the article explores the potential emergence of new shifts, i.e. re-orientations of Taiwan's creative city policies.     

城市群环境共同体：概念、特征及形成逻辑

城市群环境共同体是指在“城市群公域”范围内,基于生态系统的整体性和环境影响的关联性,基于生态文明的共同利益,城市间共同治理公域环境事务,共享生态环境价值而形成的城市联合体。城市群环境共同体既是一个价值共同体,也是一个责任共同体;既是内生性的共同体,也是建构性的共同体;既是城际之间的地域共同体,也是人与自然和谐的生态共同体。这种由多主体、多中心、多层次构成的城市群环境共同体的突出特征是：一体化共生、网络式格局和嵌套式结构。城市群环境共同体的形成和发展存在诸多条件和动力因素,基本的函数变量和形成逻辑就是在城市群区域内存在联结纽带的共同利益;基于集体认同的相互信任;提供激励约束的制度规则;实施集体参与的合作行动。     

航道交通运输量预测模型探讨

航道交通运输量是航道定级以及确定工程项目的建设规模、建筑物等级和经济评价的主要依据。本文重点介绍如何运用适当的数学函数建立航道交通运输量预测模型,并研究探讨未来航道交通运输量的需求和发展趋势。     

现代行政法意义上的城市空间利益

现代社会的城市化高度发展使城市空间利益作为一种集合性利益的特征愈加明显,我国尚缺乏系统的城市法研究,亟待我们从行政法的角度构建城市空间利益的概念。对此,首先要将城市空间利益作为城市行政法理论中的一个概念进行考察,从城市空间的本质把握城市空间利益的公法权利属性。其次,要考察城市空间利益在行政法上的制度设计。参考日本代表性的集合性利益理论提出的制度构想,我们可以从城市规划设定规制地域的范围和规制内容的程度这两个方面确定某个地域内的集合性城市空间利益,并从行政程序参与权、行政诉讼原告资格、团体诉讼等方面为城市空间利益提供制度保障。