论外资并购中规制外资非法垄断立法体系的建立

外资并购中出现的外资非法垄断是个很现实的问题,它严重威胁我国的经济安全和影响公平的竞争秩序。而我国立法尚缺乏有效完整的立法体系予以规制。本文通过对外资并购中的外资待遇标准、行业准入、并购程序问题以及反垄断法的域外适用规则进行反思,提出建立以预防机制与规戒机制为主体的规制外资非法垄断立法体系的总体设想,借此抛砖引玉,呼吁我国加强在此方面的立法工作。     

浅论我国制定外资并购法的必要性

外资并购是外国直接投资的一种方式,随着我国经济的快速发展,越来越多的外商看好来中国投资,外资并购规模越来越大,对我国经济的影响也越来越广泛和深入.外资并购对推动中国国民经济发展具有重要意义,但其产生的负面影响亦不可忽视.目前我国应针对外资并购中存出的问题,及时补充修改法律,加强相关政策和制度的完善.本文从外资并购的概念入手,通过时外资并购法律规制的国内外比较分析,指出我国外资并购的立法现状与不足,提出制定《外资并购法》,完善外资并购制度,有利于我国立法体系的健全,有利于增强国家安全和保护民族品牌.外资并购的立法规制是一个系统的工程,中国应当建立统一、协调、系统化的外资并购立法体系,以注重公平和效率,促进有效竞争,吸引外资并遏制其消极影响,增强中国企业的国际竞争力为中国外资并购立法的价值取向.     

浅析外资并购的反垄断审查标准

外资并购对我国的经济发展是一把双刃剑,因此需要通过对外资并购进行反垄断审查来降低外资并购对我国市场竞争带来的消极影响。而在外资并购反垄断审查的过程中采用何种审查标准对于审查结果有着决定性的作用。文章通过国内外在外资并购反垄断审查标准方面的对比,着重讨论我国目前外资并购反垄断审查标准取得的进步和存在的不足,并对完善我国外资并购审查标准和分析方法提出建议。     

外资并购与民族经济协调发展的法律问题研究

在金融危机的影响下我国外资并购出现了新的特点,新特点的出现也显现出我国外资并购立法的不足。我国应完善外资并购立法,加强执法监督力度,对特殊行业外资并购及时出台法律进行规制,让外资并购更好地服务于我国经济建设,实现外资并购与我国民族经济的协调发展。     

我国反垄断立法中有关外资并购的国民待遇问题

在我国外资并购快速兴起的今天,对外资并购的规制成为我国反垄断立法的一个重点。从外资国民待遇的国际发展趋势、反垄断法的自身特点以及我国引资的实际需求出发,笔者主张对内外资并购的反垄断规制应采用统一的立法模式,并在反垄断法的核心——垄断认定的实体规则上一般也同样采用合理原则,以使我国反垄断法在有效监控外资并购的同时,也进一步体现我国对外资的国民待遇。     

我国外资并购国家安全审查制度的构建

当前,我国外资并购国内企业不断出现,所涉及的国家安全问题也越发敏感。在我国的立法中,对外资并购国家安全审查只作了一些原则性的规定,并没有建立起相关的制度。本文将在考察其他国家对外资并购国家安全审查制度的基础上,提出构建我国外资并购国家审查制度的建议,并做好与其他外资并购审查制度的协调。     

我国外资并购法律制度研究

跨国并购已成为国际直接投资的一种重要方式,我国应当利用这一契机,鼓励和发展外国企业以并 购方式对我国进行投资。从法律角度而言,我国外资并购立法应紧密结合政策导向,一方面消除现有对外资并购的不合理限制,为促进和发展外资并购服务,另一方面又要完善对外资并购的管理,规范外资并购行为     

浅谈我国外资并购中的反垄断法律制度的完善

我国《反垄断法》对外资并购做出了原则性的规定,但外资并购对我国的经济既具有积极的影响也易产生负面效应,甚至会危及我国的经济安全,单靠某一部法律对外资并购进行完善的规制是不现实的。本文通过对美国外资并购的法律规制标准进行分析、借鉴,并结合我国《反垄断法》的相关规定对我国外资并购标准的法律完善提出了相关建议。     

浅论外资并购中的国家经济安全

随着外资的不断进入,外资并购中的国家经济安全成为我国引进外资面临的一个重要问题。本文试结合当前中国外资并购的情况和美国对外资并购中的国家经济安全审查的具体做法,对我国目前对外资并购中的经济安全审查进行分析,并提出相关完善建议。     

外资并购我国企业法律问题分析及解决

外资并购我国企业已经日益成为我国经济生活中的常见现象。当前,我国对外资并购我国企业的法律规制不够,存在无法可依、审批制度不完善、法律监督不力、超国民待遇等问题,亟待通过法律手段进行解决。为此,需要完善外资并购法律体系,改进外资并购审批制度,从事前、事中和事后加强对外资并购我国企业行为的监督管理,依法解决外资并购企业超国民待遇问题,从而维护公平竞争的市场环境,促进我国经济持续健康发展。     

对外资跨国并购我国企业的法律规制研究

近年来,我国外国投资领域外资并购我国企业的步伐加快,规模加大。外资并购给我国带来的影响既有积极的一面,也有消极的一面。但从总体上讲,外资并购我国企业对于我国来讲仍然是利大于弊。但实践中不少规模较大的并购个案引发了一系列新的法律问题,因此,建立一套健全而完善的法律监管体系来规制外资并购行为,可能使我们以最小的代价赢得最大的收益。     

Merger settlement as a screening device

This article presents an economic model of judicial settlement in an asymmetric information setting to analyze the merger settlement between merging firms and a competition authority. The model analyzes how the competition authority may use the settlement process to screen out efficient mergers from inefficient ones. Because of the self-selection among merging firms, efficient mergers may be litigated in court, whereas inefficient mergers may be settled before going to trial. We further analyze the role and the effect of the second request in a merger settlement.     

Applying antitrust law to nonprofit healthcare entities: arguments for a greater attention to detail

This Article begins with an antitrust primer, then analyzes the appropriate application of antitrust principles to nonprofit healthcare providers. In light of the inherent charitable character of nonprofit healthcare providers, the author contends that the government and the courts should accord some deference to nonprofit hospitals when they are seeking approval of mergers. To date, this has not generally been the case, although a few recent court decisions have rested their approval of mergers, in part, upon the nonprofit character of the merging entities. The author, in particular, believes the paradigmatic local nonprofit hospital with a community board is less likely than a for-profit hospital to abuse any market power that it may obtain through a merger; consequently, any such merger should not be analyzed solely under the traditional presumptions of antitrust jurisprudence. Rather, the premerger analysis should involve meaningful consideration of the hospital's charitable character.     

Market structures,political surroundings,and merger remedies: an empirical investigation of the EC’s decisions

This paper aims to build and empirically evaluate a discrete choice model of merger remedies as a basis for policy analysis. The database consists of 229 merger cases accepted in Phase I or Phase II of the European merger process between 1990 and 2005. We focus on the following question: Which merging firms’ characteristics lead the European Commission to decide whether to require conditional acceptance? Although a lot of empirical studies have been carried out these last years, ours is distinguished by at least two original features. First, we explore determinant factors of the Commission’s decisions with a neural network model differentiating cases accepted with or without remedies (either structural or behavioral). Secondly, we implement three multinomial logit models. We find that variables related to high market power lead more frequently to a remedy outcome, no matter the phase. Innovative industries such as energy, transportation and communications positively affect the probability of a behavioral remedy. Lastly, former Competition Commissioner Mario Monti’s policy appears to be pro-remedy, i.e. seeking concessions from merging parties.     

合并控制中的向上定价压力测试法

向上定价压力测试法简称UPP测试法,是近年理论界提出的一种评估差异性产品供应商之间横向合并能否导致单边效应的新方法。UPP测试法基于对合并企业产品之间转移率的判断,通过量化合并企业之间竞争约束的减少程度,分析合并交易带来的涨价激励,从而评估合并导致单边效应的可能性。虽然目前中国还缺乏UPP测试法的适用环境,但随着立法的完善与执法的发展,该方法在中国日后肯定有适用的空间。     

Failed hospital mergers

The spate of hospital mergers in recent years has yielded both substantial increases in market power and many divestitures. These seemingly contradictory results stem from the pressures imposed by stakeholders of merging hospitals and the inability of those stakeholders to exert control over nonprofit institutions prior to the effectuation of a merger. This Article examines several recent mergers, analyses their failures, and recommends that the judiciary and state attorneys general look carefully at merging nonprofits so as to fill the void left by the lack of market control mechanisms.     

我国银行市场准入法制存在的问题与对策

我国已经加入世贸组织,涉及外资银行的法制在外资银行市场准入问题上,结合加入世贸组织的承诺方面作了修改。新近出台的法律文件中有关外资银行市场准入的规则作了较大的变化,但仍有诸多缺漏,本文即对外资银行市场准入法制的这些缺漏作以分析,针对具体的完善办法提出一些意见。     

论WTO规则与中国外资法的修订

中国加入世界贸易组织,WTO规则对中国外资法提出了挑战,三部外资法的修改正是对这种挑战的回应。这种回应在很大程度上是及时且必要的,但也存在不足之处。同时,我国外资法体系中存在的大量的鼓励性措施,也应及时加强规范。     

Eu merger control and the compatibility test:a review of recent developments

The compatibility test contained in Article 2 of the Merger Control Regulation (MCR) is at the very heart of EU merger control, for it determines whether a concentration with a community dimension is deemed compatible or incompatible with the common market. Incompatibility can lead to prohibition of a concentration, although this is rare. The paper reviews the recent developments to the conditions of the test itself as well as the analytical methods employed to determine compatibility. Concerning the former, the new foreseeable dominance interpretation, put forward by the European Commission and made law by the Court of First Instance (CFI), is explored. This new variant of the dominance condition is important on its own right but it is also of major interest because of the explicit legal requirement placed on the Commission to assess the future likelihood of abusive behaviour by the merging parties in its prospective analysis. This is not the case with the original dominance compatibility condition. The unexpected but important clarification by the CFI of the notion of substantial part of the common market, as contained in the express wording of the compatibility test, is also commented upon. Concerning the determination of compatibility, the Commission's controversial employment in certain conglomerate concentrations of the range effects of competitive harm theory is examined, as is the need to take cognisance of merger specific efficiencies when determining if a merger increases societal welfare. The EU is making progress toward such an efficiencies assessment as part of the compatibility determination. EU merger control – and hence the compatibility test – do not exist in a vacuum. The EU has played a major role in shaping the new multilateral architecture and its goal of increasing international convergence in competition matters. This in turn has led the EU to rethink the nature of the compatibility test. For example, it has sought to evaluate the dominance condition of the compatibility test with the substantial lessening of competition (SLC) approach used by some other regulators, like the US. The paper concludes by looking at a fundamental issue that has arisen from recent CFI judgements and the GE/Honeywell merger: the competence of the Commission, or more accurately the Merger Task Force (MTF), to carry out the compatibility determination. Proposals are outlined so as to ensure that the Commission's prospective analysis in a concentration case meets the requisite legal standard. It is essential for this standard to be met if EU merger control is to remain credible. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.