从批判到建构:马克思对平等的批判之维

平等及其实现一直是众多思想家不断追问的主题。马克思在对资本主义私有制度批判的基础上系统地阐述了历史唯物主义的平等观。他对于那些由于人之天性或制度设定的原平等采取了认可态度,面对资本主义的雇佣劳动制度下的现实不平等,马克思选择了对劳动活动的尊重与工人的解放两个视角对资本主义私有制度及这种制度下的不平等展开批判,并以此为前提,认为只有通过重新建立个人所有制度,实现每一个个人全面而自由的发展,才能真正获得人类的应有平等。     

Central Bank Independence in the EU: From Theory to Practice

Abstract:  This article provides an overview of the practical problems which arise in ensuring the effective independence of central banks in the EU, drawing on the European Central Bank's consultative experience. Four aspects of central bank independence are discussed separately: functional, institutional, personal and financial. The possible issues raised by central bank involvement in prudential supervision are touched upon. The main conclusion of the article is that a set of legal provisions is generally not sufficient to ensure proper central bank independence; a culture of respect for independence, including its limits, among all parties involved is essential.     

由双边契约到习惯规范：一种演化机制的阐释

对于习惯规范产生问题的阐释,除了＂法的确信＂理论外,另有＂契约机制＂理论。于契约机制而言,习惯规范的产生是一个由双边契约演化而生发的过程。在双边契约的演化机制中,主要包括两个部分,即双边契约的扩散机制和前置模式。其中,扩散机制是演化的主体,而前置模式则是必不可少的组成部分。     

从社会事实到法律规范——作为社会实践的法律

为什么要遵守法律?一种法哲学传统认为是由于法律所内蕴的自然、神谕、理性及道德等内容,而法律实证主义则认为法律本身就是行动的理由,并试图将法律的规范性溯源至主权者创制法律的行为这一社会事实.因此,它的一个理论任务就是论证如何从社会事实推出法律规范.边沁、奥斯丁与哈特都分别进行了努力,但都各有缺陷.而如果以承认规则作为理论工具.以社会成规论与共担合作性行动理论作为运思资源,就可以很好地论证出社会实践如何产生法律规则,从而为这个法哲学的元命题提供一个具有解释力的说明.     

From Balance to Conflict: A New Constitution for the EU

As the crisis (and the Union's response to it) further develops, one thing appears clear: the European Union post‐crisis will be a very different animal from the pre‐crisis EU. This article offers an alternative model for the EU's constitutional future. Its objective is to invert the Union's current path‐dependency: changes to the way in which the Union works should serve to question, rather than entrench, its future objectives and trajectory. The paper argues that the post‐crisis EU requires a quite different normative, institutional and juridical framework. Such a framework must focus on reproducing the social and political cleavages that underlie authority on the national level and that allow divisive political choices to be legitimised. This reform project implies reshaping the prerogatives of the European institutions. Rather than seeking to prevent or bracket political conflict, the division of institutional competences and tasks should be rethought in order to allow the EU institutions to internalise within their decision‐making process the conflicts reproduced by social and political cleavages. Finally, a reformed legal order must play an active role as a facilitator and container of conflict over the ends of the integration project.     

Norway and Emissions Trading: From Global Front-Runner to EU Follower

A striking convergence has taken place in the design of the Norwegian and EU greenhouse gas emissions trading systems from 1998 to 2004. This article argues that the Norwegian adaptation to the EU did not take place as a consequence of perceived legal obligations under the European Economic Area agreement. Nor did it take place due to Norwegian actors being persuaded about the merits of the EU design. The main explanation has to do with interests. The EU market and politics are of course generally very important for Norway. However, before the US pulled out of the Kyoto Protocol in 2001, the Norwegian outlook in climate politics was global. The US pull-out accelerated the development and hence the attractiveness of the EU trading system and resulted in EU emissions trading as the most probable and possibly only international market for Norway to link up to. Hence, this analysis provides further support to the importance of being sensitive to the global context and institutional interaction when analyzing the relationship between the EU and its neighboring countries.     

从规范程序到程序规范:面向行政的行政程序及其展开

由于受规范主义传统与控权理论以及重实体轻程序观念的影响,行政程序被普遍认为是一种控制行政权的工具,导致程序的独立价值与功能长期被忽略而未得到应有的关注与重视。在新时代全面深化改革,着力于推进国家治理现代化而需要积极发挥行政权功能的关键时期,这种试图以行政法和行政程序来控制行政权的理念与理论的根基已经动摇,行政法逐渐转向功能主义。行政法总则当中的行政程序制度设计,应以"求同"为路径和价值目标,既要能维持行政秩序,也要能保持行政活力,还要能回应社会需求。行政法总则中的行政程序来源于单行法,并超越和引领所有的单行法,是适用于包括行政立法、行政执法、行政司法等行政权运行、行政行为实施、监督行政,乃至于制定行政程序规范等所有行政活动的总的程序规范。     

从自由到平等:美国言论自由的现代转型

自1960年代开始,美国言论自由开启了从经典时期向现代的转型。在色情作品、仇恨言论和竞选经费三个领域,言论自由分别与性别平等、种族平等和财富平等正面相遇。通过把"平等"价值引入言论自由这一转型,使色情作品、仇恨言论和竞选经费从单纯的自由问题变为平等与自由间的平衡;同时,为了促进平等,它还强调法律和政策应告别形式中立,必须向弱势群体有所倾斜。这一转型相当于一场言论自由的"新政",终结了言论自由的洛克纳时代,重塑了言论自由的范式和议程,并对当代言论自由的发展产生持续和深远的影响。     

From Disparity in Sentencing Towards Sentencing Equality: The German Experience

This article addresses movements in Germany towards greater uniformity in sentencing since the entry into force of the first federal criminal code in 1871, with a particular focus on developments since the second half of the twentieth century. The author reviews the empirical evidence for sentence disparity; addresses the limitations of the constitutional principle of equality as a means for overcoming sentencing disparity; identifies the causes of sentence disparity and tracks practical efforts made to overcome that disparity, specifically through the introduction of prosecutorial guidelines and judicial manuals for certain frequent types of offending. He also explains and critiques different theoretical models for increasing sentencing equality, and reviews the advantages and potential uses of sentencing information systems such as a judgment database created in Japan. The author then turns to the contribution made by the appellate courts to greater uniformity in sentencing and expresses the hope that recent trends towards intensified guidance for trial courts in appeals concerning tax offences will be extended to other types of offences as well.     

Sex Equality in Social Protection: New Institutionalist Perspectives on Allocation of Competence

This article examines the development of regulation in the European Union (EU) of sex equality in social protection. It applies research methodologies suggested by 'new institutionalist' and 'historical institutionalist' perspectives on European integration. It does not aim to replace existing accounts, but simply to add an additional perspective to the analysis. The article suggests that new insights can be gained by observing the impact of the question of 'division of competence' on the issue of regulation of sex equality in social protection by the EU. The focus on division of competence illuminates relationships between institutions involved in the process of policy formation and implementation, especially the European Commission and the European Court of Justice. It may also illuminate policy outcomes and the directions in which the EU's sex equality law (and possibly social law more generally) has developed and may develop in the future.     

Sisters in Arms: European Community Law and Sex Equality in the Armed Forces

Abstract: Recently the European Court of Justice has been shedding a new light on the limits of Community competence for defence. This article analyses the rulings in Sirdar, Kreil, and Dory with regards to two interrelated issues. First it discusses the effect of Community law on the equality of men and women in the armed forces of the Member States. Second, it deals with the impact of these decisions on the constitutional order of the European Union. The article argues that Community law has a considerable impact on defence‐related national law. Therefore the analysis ultimately contributes to a narrow aspect of the constitutional debate: the demarcation of competencies between the Member States and the Community in matters related to defence.>     

乡土生活场域中的集体财产:从权力到权利

我国目前的农村集体财产处于由行政权力与村社干部权力交织而成的权力网络之中,集体所有权变成残缺的、异化的所有权。在我国未来的民法典中,集体所有权应当是蕴涵了主体独立、平等、意志自由等私法价值理念的真正意义上的财产所有权,行政权力对集体财产不必要的束缚应逐步解除;为了防止所有权的异化,应当赋予集体所有权一定的程序性内涵,为其设置一套有效的运作程序;此外,应设置相关规则防止集体所有权压制农民作为个体对集体财产所享有的权利———用益物权。     

The European Year of Equal Opportunities for All—2007: Is the EU Moving Away From a Formal Idea of Equality?

Abstract: This article will argue that a shift appears to be taking place in the language used within the EU when discussing measures to combat discrimination and to promote equality and equal treatment. The EU appears to be moving from a more formal to a more substantial notion of equality and the need to tackle deep‐rooted patterns of inequality experienced by some groups is recognised. But is this move in the language reflected in the measures taken against discrimination or is it just a change in rhetoric?     

从现实到虚拟:计算机侵入禁止规范的构成及适用——兼论计算机同意

计算机侵入禁止源自于传统的侵入禁止规范。在大数据、云计算、cookies技术的背景下,该罪构成要件要素的"访问",应采最广义的发送信息说,主要应由"未经授权"限制该禁止规范。由于互联网协议已明确规定网络具有开放性,所以,计算机同意通常等同于机主同意。当计算机不使用公共域名或者使用第三方软件为用户访问设置了现实障碍时,被告人使用第三方软件或者规避认证制度而进行的访问,会被视为是事实欺诈,计算机同意因有别于机主同意而无效,行为构成未经授权的访问。越权访问实际上是违约行为,即使其构成欺诈,但由于计算机产生认识错误的对象通常并非是访问行为本身,而是其回报或者意义,所以,被害人同意仍然有效。这也是刑法原则上不干预违约行为的规范原因。然而,当违约行为违反预期功能、义务冲突和合理预期等标准,而动摇了同意的基础时,则会使其由诱因欺诈变成事实欺诈,被害人同意无效,行为通常会构成犯罪。     

从应然权利到实然权利:文化权利的著作权法保障机制研究

文化参与、文化分享与文化创新成果利益保护,是国际公约和我国宪法保护的应然文化权利.在文化权利从应然权利到实然权利的保障机制中,著作权法通过调整文化创新成果的创作、传播与利用关系,不仅使文化成果收益权经由著作权保护而得到切实保障,而且通过著作权保护条件、范围等制度设计,为公众文化参与、文化分享权利提供资源保障与行为指引,从而使宪法上应然的文化权利得到具体的部门法保障.著作权法对文化权利的保障机制主要体现在以下方面:其激励作品创作与传播的功能、机制,为个人文化参与和文化分享权利的实现提供内容保障;其作品市场化传播的利益实现机制,为公众文化知识的接触、分享和利用提供现实可能;其合理使用等著作权限制制度,为公众可以自由利用的文化空间提供保障;著作权法对作者和其他著作权人就其作品著作权充分而有效的保护,是公众文化收益权的直接保障机制,是著作权法促进文化权利实现的关键.     

数据驱动时代的数据隐私保护——从个人控制到数据控制者信义义务

在数据驱动时代,个人数据隐私引发广泛的担忧。基于个人具有隐私自我管理能力的假定,立法者建构了一套沿袭传统个人主义隐私观的数据隐私保护法律框架。这种强调个人控制的立法取向高估了个人在数据实践中的自治能力,难以应对数据时代的隐私挑战。可考虑将信义义务引入新型的数据关系之中,要求自动驾驶汽车制造商、其他智能交通服务提供者以及数据驱动的其他商业场景中的数据控制者以数据受托人身份管理或处分其占有的个人数据,强化其数据受托职责,以弥补个人在隐私管理中的能力不足。