Beyond Enforcement: Welcomeness,Local Law Enforcement,and Immigrants

Studies of local law enforcement actions toward immigrants show that while some cities engage in enforcement, many others do not. The extent and determinants of enforcement have been assessed, but these studies have not evaluated the full range of practices, including welcoming practices, toward immigrants. This article introduces the concept of “welcomeness,” develops a framework for measuring it, and, using a nationwide survey of local police departments, examines how widely departments are welcoming (or unwelcoming) to immigrants. The data show that many police departments have consciously and deliberately developed practices intended to foster positive relationships between the police and immigrants and to encourage immigrants to call the police for assistance.

Practitioner Points

• Welcomeness encompasses a range of practices toward immigrants that are often intentionally created, thoughtfully implemented, and found in a variety of communities.
• The dimensions of welcomeness provide a framework for police departments to assess their practices and provide a model for police departments that want to engage positively with immigrants.
• Welcoming practices may improve interactions between police officers and immigrants and may improve immigrants’ perceptions of local law enforcement.
• Welcoming police departments often have a deeper commitment to community policing.

     

Pricing Outputs: A Case Study in Law Enforcement

This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of economic evaluation as a measurement methodology within the Australian government's outcome and output framework including preliminary benefit–cost analysis of Australian Federal Police investigations. The results suggest that the Australian Federal Police is returning over $5 to the community for every dollar invested in fraud and drug investigations. It is concluded that benefit–cost analysis is a useful tool for comparing the price of an output to the value of an outcome. The method has limitations. Not all outcomes will admit of easy assessment and the information may be difficult to collect. However, the use of surrogate measures and extrapolation of results may overcome most of these limitations.     

Terrorism,Intelligence and Law Enforcement: Learning the Right Lessons

More than a generation ago, in the wake of investigations by the US Congress into improprieties carried out by US intelligence agencies, the United States, in effect, raised the wall between intelligence and law enforcement in order to protect the liberties of Americans. For similar reasons, its Cold War institutions enshrined distinctions between foreign and domestic, and public and private. The CIA was and is, for instance, enjoined from law enforcement and domestic activity.

Those distinctions served the country tolerably well during the Cold War but set it up to fail on September 11. Now, a rethinking of them is underway, as the balance between security and liberty is re-struck. It is imperative, though, to learn the right lessons on September 11. That means thinking carefully and proceeding slowly as changes are made. It also means carefully evaluating the effects of proposed changes, especially to avoid ‘pain for no gain’ measures that do inconvenience people, or even affect their liberties, for little or no gain in the war on terrorism.     

Race, Ethnicity, and Law Enforcement Profiling: Implications for Public Policy

The proposed Traffic Stops Statistics Study Act of 2001—Title II of Senate Bill 19 of the 107th Congress—was the third consecutive legislative proposal aimed at addressing the perceived problems of racial profiling and police abuse in the detention of minority motorists for allegedly unjustifiable reasons. The measure followed Senate Bill 821 from the 106th Congress and House Bill 118 from the 105th Congress. This study looks at the purpose of these bills, explores the reasons supporters believe that federal policy mandating law enforcement agencies to collect racial data on motorists stopped and detained is needed, and examines a number of public policy questions that a Traffic Stops Statistics Study Act might raise.     

以施行“一法三令”为契机 加强铁路消防执法规范化建设

公安部令第106号《建设工程消防监督管理规定》、第107号《消防监督检查规定》、第108号《火灾事故调查规定》自2009年5月1日起施行。要以"一法三令"的修订和颁布实施为契机,从"制度建设、工作程序、科技投入、提升素质、考核评估"等方面着手,进一步推动消防执法规范化建设,不断加强和改进铁路消防监督执法工作。     

Gender, Representative Bureaucracy, and Law Enforcement: The Case of Sexual Assault

Using the theory of representative bureaucracy, this paper investigates the relationship between women police officers and sexual assault reports and arrests. The theoretical contribution is to establish a case in which representation is likely to occur, even without a conscious effort on the part of the bureaucrat involved but simply because of the shared experiences of the bureaucrat and the client. Based on a pooled time series of 60 urban areas over an eight-year time frame, this study finds that the percentage of women police officers is positively associated with the number of reports of sexual assault and with the number of arrests for sexual assault.     

何谓“明显违法”？——《公务员法》实施中不容回避的一个难题

在责任追究的逻辑处理上,“明显违法”这一概念帮助《公务员法》的立法者从服从上级与法治原则之间的两难境地中解脱出来。但是,“明显违法”的概念却招致了是否法言法语的众多质疑,也使如何界定“明显违法”成为《公务员法》实施后不容回避的一个难题。“明显违法”界定的主体应该是责任追究机关,界定的程序必须是法定程序,界定的标准可以进一步细化,而且需要将宪法列入不能明显违背的“法”的范围。     

社会秩序局：综合行政执法管理体制的完善途径——基于对北京城管的调查

综合行政执法体制在实践中暴露出了很多问题,也是理论界和实务界探讨的热点.对此,从行政法理论上应如何解读,如果保留该体制,以后应如何改革,其改革原则是什么等问题都是目前亟需澄清的.特别是如何运用正确理论,对综合行政执法体制中的问题进行甄别,辨清其中哪些规定是好规定,哪些是该废除的规定.哪些是需要完善之处.本文在对综合行政执法进行深入调查的基础上,以行政法相关原理为指导.试图对以上问题进行初步的探讨.     

试论我国的行政执法与刑事司法衔接机制

当前我国的行政执法与刑事司法衔接的各项基本结构框架已经建立,并且在建立的过程中,行政执法与刑事司法工作的衔接机制也得以逐步完善。但不可否认的是,当前执法实践中仍存在着行政执法与刑事司法相脱节的问题,使不少违法犯罪分子没有得到有效打击,逃避了处罚。由于该衔接机制的相关实体性法律和程序性法律规范的缺失,要从根源上处理好这些问题,真正建立起行政执法与刑事司法的有效衔接仍然是一个复杂的过程。因此,研究行政执法与刑事司法的衔接机制中存在的问题并提出解决的方法无疑具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。     

推进执法规范化建设 构建和谐警民关系

当前,公安机关面临的执法环境发生了深刻而复杂的变化,公安机关必须适应新形势对公安执法提出的新要求、新挑战,推进执法规范化建设,理性、平和、文明、规范执法,努力实现执法无过错,积极构建和谐警民关系。     

综合行政执法改革与构建政府绩效评估制度

西方国家在政府绩效评估上的成功经验无疑为我国政府改革实践和政府公共管理研究开拓了新的视野,可资借鉴。在行政执法部门实行绩效评估,对于提高行政执法效率,降低行政执法成本,健全完善监督制约机制,建立权责明确、行为规范、监督有效、保障有力的执法体制具有重大的理论和实践意义。