网络世界未成年人权利的宪法保护——《互联网上网服务营业场所管理条例》第二十一条合宪性探讨

在网络时代,网络的参与者是不分对象的任何年龄段的人都可以成为网络中的一员,自由地使用网络资源。随着世界的老龄化和低龄化的到来,未成年人这一特殊群体逐渐成为网络用户的重要组成部分。由于我国人口众多,未成年人在我国人口中所占的比例也大,所以未成年人逐渐成为网络时代一个不可忽视的组成部分。网络时代未成年人权利之维护随之摆在了立法者的面前,但是未成年人具有不同于一般人群的特性,我们理所应当采取不同的立法予以保护。和一般人群不同的是,我们可以发现未成年人这一网络参与者的特殊性在于:一是他们的价值观还未形成,他们判断…     

Parliamentary Bills of Rights: An Alternative Model?

This paper examines the emergence of a new model for protecting rights (referred to as the 'parliamentary rights' model) in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the Australian Capital Territory. This parliamentary model is distinguished from the more traditional, judicial-centric, approach to rights protection in at least two ways. The first is that this parliamentary rights model incorporates the notion of legitimate political dissent from judicial interpretations of rights. The second way it challenges the court-centred model is by incorporating the systematic evaluation of proposed legislation from a rights perspective. Both of these features allow for the possibility of a broader range of perspectives on the appropriate interpretation of rights or the resolution of disagreements involving claims of rights than those arising from more judicial-centric bills of rights. The paper assesses whether this alternative approach to rights protection satisfies those sceptics who doubt the virtue or prudence of conceiving of political disputes as legal rights claims for which the judiciary has the dominant role in their interpretation and resolution.     

Constitutional Comparisons by A Supranational Court in Flux: The Privy Council and Caribbean Bills of Rights

This article examines how the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council makes constitutional comparisons between ‘related’ constitutions that are or were within its jurisdiction, deploying its own precedents, as a pragmatic method of resolving idiosyncratic questions that arise across multiple constitutions. In particular, it considers the Committee's approach to the longstanding question of the interpretation of the opening section of Caribbean constitutional bills of rights, which has far reaching implications for the scope of constitutional protection of human rights. The JCPC's answer over time to this question reveals the fault lines for this supranational constitutional court as its jurisdiction peters out yet remains. The gaze of comparativism is very harsh as older constitutions are evaluated in light of newer ones and also as fossilised constitutional interpretations presented in earlier JCPC cases where the Committee no longer has jurisdiction are given new life in contemporary cases.     

Australian Rules: The Rise of Rights and the Demise of the Right

Over a number of years there has been a public debate in Australia over the place of legal rights in the struggle for Indigenous economic, social and cultural gains. Most Indigenous leaders have called for a rights agenda as a solution to Indigenous disadvantage. However, one leader has been a vocal critic of this approach. This paper considers the possibility that although the debates may fundamentally represent different views as to how best to improve conditions for Indigenous Nations, they also represent differing approaches to harnessing the support of mainstream Australia in a politically conservative environment. In coming to this position, I am reminded of the arguments put by proponents of the Critical Legal Studies movement in US, that rights are merely abstractions, and the counter by Patricia Williams, a Critical Race Theorist, that as a result, they can be framed in a variety of ways and can take the form required by the community in which they are found. In Australia, minority groups must find an indexically-open vehicle, fitting to the Australian rhetorical structure(s), to represent their struggle for economic, social and cultural rights. Tracey Summerfield is a white woman born in Perth, Western Australia. Thanks to Stephanie Monck, a Kungarakan/Warramungu woman from the Northern Territory, who provided assistance and feedback on an earlier version. The views expressed here are, of course, those of the writer alone.     

Redressing supremacy: challenging traditional notions of standing in the Commonwealth Caribbean Bills of Rights

The standing requirements under the Constitutions of the Commonwealth Caribbean require an applicant to allege a contravention of the Bills of Rights ‘in relation to him’, so he must be personally affected. This would exclude lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex organisations from initiating constitutional challenges for which legal challenge by personally affected individuals are unlikely. This article will explore the scope of the supreme law clause in these constitutions, which provide that the constitution is the supreme law and any law inconsistent with it is void to the extent of its inconsistency, as an interpretative tool for the standing requirement and as a standalone redress clause.     

衡平法地产权:对人权到对世权之蝶变

产生于中世纪的英国衡平法地产权是英国财产法极具特色的制度安排。衡平法地产权经历了从对人权到对世权的演变之路:起初,衡平法法院在承认受托人普通法地产权人权利的基础上赋予衡平法权益人对受托人请求交付地产收益的相对性的权利,后来衡平法权益人的利益可以对抗除支付合理对价且善意受领普通法地产的第三人以外的任何人,成为真正对世权意义上的地产权。了解衡平法地产权之演变可以了解对人权与对世权对话与沟通,有助于各种财产权的权利性质的分析与把握。     

论非基本权利的宪法保护

以宪法文本是否加以列举作为基本权利与非基本权利的区分标准不利于宪法权利保护功能的实现,非基本权利与基本权利的二元划分未能准确揭示权利发展的动态过程。基于宪法权利保护的一体化原则,非基本权利亦应得到宪法的有效保护,宪法对非基本权利的保护具有必要性与可行性。非基本权利的宪法保护应当遵循最大限度保护原则和及时性原则,宪法解释和宪法修改是非基本权利宪法保护的可行途径。     

知识产权保护论

由于知识产品的非物质性特点 ,知识产权的保护范围需由法律特别规定。这种规定不仅表现为权项范围的“界定” ,而且表现为效力范围的“限制” ;侵犯知识产权行为属于非法事实行为 ,其侵害对象是知识产品所有人的专有权利 ,该类侵权行为具有区别于一般侵权行为的特征 ;对于侵犯知识产权行为 ,宜采取二元归责原则 ,即在过错责任的基础上补充适用过错推定责任 ;法律对知识产权采取了民事、刑事、行政的多层次保护措施 ,各种救济措施一并规定在知识产权之中     

代位权诉讼中债务人权益保护浅析

代位权作为债的保全制度之一,其设立的目的在于督促债务人积极追索其拥有的债权,以维护债权人的利益.我国的代位权制度在维护债权人利益的同时,在立法上却忽略了债务人的利益保护.必须从多个层面修改和完善代位权制度,以期达到在维护债权人利益的同时,亦防止损害债务人利益.     

真实世界中的权利冲突

为了研究权利冲突这种法律现象 ,有对其进行科学的界定之必要。以合法性和正当性作为标准做出界定是不科学的 ,其结果将会导致对道德权利等其他权利的不尊重或把问题引向相对主义。从权利形态角度来看权利冲突 ,权利冲突包括法定权利之间的冲突 ,也包括其他各种形态权利之间的冲突。权利冲突是由权利主体在权利实现和救济过程中引发的一种状态。     

民事裁判中的人权保障

人权具有普世价值,其不仅存在于政治国家,对市民社会同样具有统帅作用。廓清人权与民事权利的关系是实现民事裁判中人权保障的前提。纯粹国家取向的人权、国家私人二元取向的人权与民事权利的关系决定了这两种人权不存在在民事裁判中的适用问题,可拓展性国家取向的人权则可以通过间接介入的方式在民事裁判中发挥作用。其作用主要体现在:在民事裁判中作为评价民事行为的界限、认定民事责任的界限(包括构成阻却违法性的考量要件、构成认定主观过错的考量要件)、法律适用中解释与价值填补的功能发挥。     

权益保护与契约精神:商业秘密保护中的保密协议与竞业禁止协议

在实务上,为达到企业内部管制的目的,往往将作为被保护之本体的商业秘密与作为一种保护措施的竞业禁止相提并论.此外,也有将保密协议与竞业禁止协议相混淆,无视两者之间的差异,并且将单纯的保密条款也认为具有竞业禁止的性质,并认定其具有合理性的理论学说和实务做法.毋庸置疑,正确理解和适用商业秘密保护中的竞业禁止制度,应当回归于对竞业禁止协议之法律性质的准确认识.有鉴于此,本文就商业秘密、保密协议与竞业禁止之间的区别与连结关系作些探讨,并且在此基础上提出彼此在法律责任承担之性质,以及具体法律适用方面所存在的诸多差异.希望本文能够为厘定理论和认识误区,有所裨益;为解决法律适用和司法实践,提供一定的参考意义.     

论自然权利的刑法保护

环境的刑法保护是一种重要的环境保护方法，但环境刑法的架构极富变化，传统的刑法保护客体理论存在着明显的不足，我国刑法保护的客体应为公民环境权与自然权利的综合体，兼顾对人类环境权和自然本身的权利的保护，突出自然价值的独立性，以充分全面保护自然环境不受人类环境犯罪行为的侵害。     

人权保障视野中讯问方法的合法运用

讯问犯罪嫌疑人作为收集证据的重要途径在其方法上受到人权保障原则的制约,讯问方法的运用因此不得不面临人权保障与发现案件事实真相的目标冲突。讯问合法性的实质标准在于保证犯罪嫌疑人供述的自愿性,但纯粹的、彻底的自愿供述不可能是讯问合法性的绝对标准。为兼顾人权保障与侦查效率,我们既要确立任何人不被强迫自证其罪的原则,也要鼓励犯罪嫌疑人如实供述,并允许运用可能对供述自愿性构成轻微损害的讯问方法。     

从权利保障看"分权制衡"的宪法原则

"分权制衡"这一宪法原则是人类在国家政治领域建设方面的重要成果.分权制衡的理论及其在制度设计上的实践,对于限制政府权力、规范政府行为、保障人民权利、推进民主法治和政治现代化具有极为重要的意义.分权制衡的制度表现因各个国家的国情而各有不同,然而这一政治思想本身却具有一定程度上的普遍意义,一个国家若想保障公民的权利与自由,就要在一定程度上进行分权制衡的制度安排.     

浅谈罪犯服刑期间的权利保护

一、罪犯权利所涉及的几个基本问题(一)罪犯是身份特殊的公民任何有阶级的社会都无法避免罪犯这一特殊群体的存在。罪犯与一般公民的法律地位上的区别是显而易见的,这种差别从总体上说是罪犯原有公民权利的残缺和罪犯义务内容的增加而造成的罪犯公民地位的降格:罪犯不能象一般普通公民那样享有宪法和法律规定的全部权利,其原有公民权利一部分受到法律剥夺;某些权利虽然没有被依法剥夺,但在某些方面、某种程度上处于受到法律限制;罪犯被依法监禁后,导致其行为能力受限,某些权利尽管未被依法剥夺或限制,但却在客观上处于休眠状态。随着社会的…     

上市公司收购中股东权的保护

股东权的保护是公司制度存在的制度基础,作为公司法特别法或并行 法的证券法,也是股东权保护的重要法律渊源。必须坚持上市公司收购中股东权保 护的立法宗旨和基本原则,我国《证券法》中上市公司收购股东权保护问题上尚有诸 多不足,证券监督管理委员会应制定与“上市公司收购立法”相对应的条例,并不断予 以完善。     

福利行政调查权与受益人权利保障

作为一种特殊类型的行政调查形式,福利调查在福利领域发挥着重要的作用。通过多种形式的福利调查,公民得以享有一定的福利权益。但在福利调查的过程中,往往可能对公民的隐私等权益造成一定的侵犯。因此,行政机关在获得信息的同时,如何保障公民的权益,这无疑是未来行政调查研究的方向之一。