The Human Rights Act and Legal Culture: The Judiciary and the Legal Profession

The purpose of this article is to consider the effect the United Kingdom’s currently prevailing legal culture is likely to have on the realization of cultural change presaged by the Human Rights Act. The article is in five parts. The first two address the preliminary questions: what is meant by ‘legal culture’ for these purposes, and what type of ‘human rights culture’ does the Human Rights Act envisage? The answers define the scope of the remainder of the article’s inquiry into the ways in which the Act itself and the culture of the United Kingdom legal profession and judiciary are likely to interact. The third part of the article identifies some examples of the sorts of culturally specific aspects of current legal practice which are likely to operate as serious practical constraints on the emergence of a human rights culture worthy of the name, before the fourth part considers what sorts of cultural changes will be required of judges and lawyers for the presaged cultural transformation to come about. Finally, the article asks whether there is any reason to believe that courts and lawyers can find from within their present culture the resources to bring about the necessary shift.     

完善律师收费制度 推进我国律师事业的健康发展

完善律师收费制度,是国家价格主管部门和司法行政部门认真贯彻落实胡锦涛总书记等中央领导同志关于律师工作的重要指示精神,加强律师制度改革,推进律师事业发展的重要措施。党中央、国务院高度重视律师收费制度改革工作,把完善律师收费制度列入了中央司法体制和工作机制改革的工作部署。在中央领导同志的直接关怀和中央政法委的具体指导下,经过国家发展改革委和司法部的共同努力,《律师服务收费管理办法》已经批准发布了。我就司法行政机关、律师协会贯彻执行《办法》,做好完善律师收费制度的工作讲三点意见。一、全面把握律师收费制度改革…     

丹麦律师行业的现状

律师的社会地位 在丹麦，律师是一种自由职业，这就意味着任何人只要符合特定的条件都可以成为律师队伍中的一员。因此，这一行业与其他所谓的“自由”职业，如审计师、会计师和地产代理人有许多类似的地方。丹麦执业律师的正式名称是AD—VOKAT。     

Specialization and Prestige in the Legal Profession: The Structure of Deference

The process of specialization is now well advanced within the legal profession, and the specialties have acquired clearly varying levels of prestige among the practicing bar. What are the characteristics of the specialties, or of the lawyers who practice in them, that might account for these variations in prestige? In describing the prestige differences and several of the variables that might be thought to account for them, the authors analyze the results of a survey of a large random sample of Chicago lawyers. Among the findings are a strong relationship between prestige within the legal profession and the type of clients that the specialty serves, a substantial correlation between prestige and the degree of intellectual challenge presented by the subject matter of the specialty, and the perhaps surprising result that prestige is not significantly associated with the income earned by lawyers practicing in the specialty. The authors conclude that legal specialties that regularly confront personal suffering lose social standing as a result, that prestige within the profession is directly proportional to the degree to which the specialty facilitates the conduct of corporate enterprise, and that the varying prestige of the specialties is likely to affect the political and professional power of the lawyers who practice in them and to influence the patterns of recruitment of lawyers into law practice.     

法律职业话语的解析

职业主义、精英主义和民粹主义构成了现代社会关于法律职业的三种话语系统和意识形态。职业主义是一种描绘和论证法律职业的理想图景的话语,精英主义是一种论证法律职业的正当性和合法性的话语,而民粹主义则是一种批判法律职业之弊害的话语。三种话语系统和意识形态之间的良性互动,是法律职业健康发展的有效保证。     

非道德性:现代法律职业伦理的困境

结合当下司法改革中所出现的一些典型事例,本文以"非道德性"为基本概念,系统描述和分析当代法律职业伦理所遭遇的困境,以及"自由主义"法学理论与之的内在性关联。最终,提出了以中国传统美德伦理学来克服这一困境的理论命题。     

试论法律职业伦理教育

法律职业伦理教育是内化法律职业伦理理念,提高法律人职业素养的社会活动,是法律教育的重要内容。法律职业伦理教育不仅存在于法律职业的执业活动中,同时延伸至法律职业准入前的阶段及法律职业执业活动结束以后的阶段。其内容包括:法律职业伦理的本质属性和基本原则、法律职业伦理的特点与社会功能、法律职业伦理的基本规范以及法律职业伦理的内化和养成。一、法律职业伦理教育历史溯源法律职业产生伊始,就有了对法律职业的伦理要求法律职业伦理的教育也就应运而生,但法律职业伦理的学校教育的发展则经历了一个漫长的过程。在古代,对于法律…     

Professionalization as Status Adaptation: The Nobility, the Bureaucracy, and the Modernization of the Legal Profession in Finland

In contrast to Anglo-American lines of professional development, the central agent of professionalization in many Continental countries was the state bureaucracy. However, this article proposes that an understanding of the class structure of traditional society is also needed to explain the privileged position of lawyers. An historical study of lawyers in the 19th century, after Finland was annexed by Russia, demonstrates that the legal profession provided the nobility an important medium of adaptation to the new society. The importance of the legal profession initially to the state bureaucracy, and subsequently to the nobility, explains its social prominence and its future development. An analysis of the position and needs of the prominent classes in the society of Old Regimes may constitute a fruitful viewpoint in the study of early professionalization in the Continental context more generally.     

重新认识法律职业：律师与社会公益

经过20多年的恢复与重建，我国的律师事业获得了重大发展，各项制度得以确立并逐步走向完善，律师从业人数也初具规模，律师行业的整体素质也有了较大的提高。但是长久以来在中国，作为维护私权、旨在实现其所代理的客户利益的律师，似乎与社会公共利益之间并无关联且相去甚远。然而，这一现象究竟是法律职业的共性还是中国转型期的特性？律师与社会公共利益之间究竟有无联系？从国家与社会公益的视角看，究竟应当怎样看待法律职业？本文拟就这些问题，作初步的探讨。     

律师职业与社会环境的关系

律师职业，是现代社会中普遍存在的一种社会职业，无论是资本主义国家，还是社会主义国家，律师在协助社会主体认识法律权利、正确行使法律权利和救治被侵害的法律权利，促进社会法律秩序的建构中，都发挥着十分重要的作用。然而，当我们用法哲学的眼光来审视与律师职业相关的若干社会条件时，我们不难发现，无论过去或现在，社会条件不同，律师职业的外在样式和内在机制表现便存在差异。因此，研究律师职业与不同社会条件的关系，揭示其内在规律，对于推动我国社会环境的改造，促进我国律师职业的改革和完善，使其更好地为我国社会主义社会服务，具有重要意义。     

New Legislation in the Union Republics with Respect to the Legal Profession

The Soviet legal profession occupies a place of honor in the system of government and public organizations whose duty it is to protect the rights and liberties of Soviet citizens and to strengthen socialist legality and order. In performing the function of defense in criminal trials and in providing other legal services to citizens, enterprises, institutions and organizations, and by vigorous activity to educate the people with respect to Soviet law, lawyers promote the defense of the rights and legal interests of the citizenry, their training in a spirit of respect for Soviet laws, prevention of crime, strengthening of socialist legality, and proper administration of justice.     

法律方法与法治:以对纳粹司法的反思为中心

纳粹政权在司法领域的工具和帮凶,是反形式主义的法律方法论和政治目的司法,而非法律实证主义。以具体秩序思维和具体的一般性概念为代表的纳粹法律方法论,突破了形式主义司法准则,并将纳粹意识形态和价值观提升为一种新的法律渊源和裁判规范。这种反形式主义法律方法论,是法治的一个陷阱。去法制化的纳粹司法表明:法律方法论若无视基本权利和普遍价值观,就可能沦落为当权者的作恶工具;法的形式价值和实体价值是唇齿相依的,要实现法治,二者不可偏废。     

我国司法如何确认商品化权(上)

时代已进至不保护商品化权就难以合理解决个案纠纷的节点.在立法不可能及时跟进的情况下,对该权利的保护将在很长时间里主要依靠司法对法律的灵活解释和权衡.目前,我国司法中保护商品化权,最合理的法律基础是反误认,而非授予专有财产权.不同客体的商品化权,可依据不同的法律给予法律效果大概相同的救济:真人的商品化权仍可通过灵活解释民法中的人格权制度予以保护;虚构形象和其他形象的商品化权,司法将不得不设立一种“商品化权益”,保护这种民法中没有明确列举,但却必须予以保护的利益.适用不同法源的商品化权,由于保护的是相同的利益,其保护要件基本相同,其中最为本质的,是存在“稳定对应关系”;侵权认定标准也基本相同,都是构成“认可关系”的误认.     

我国司法如何确认商品化权(下)

时代已进至不保护商品化权就难以合理解决个案纠纷的节点.在立法不可能及时跟进的情况下,对该权利的保护将在很长时间里主要依靠司法对法律的灵活解释和权衡.目前,我国司法中保护商品化权,最合理的法律基础是反误认,而非授予专有财产权.不同客体的商品化权,可依据不同的法律给予法律效果大概相同的救济:真人的商品化权仍可通过灵活解释民法中的人格权制度予以保护;虚构形象和其他形象的商品化权,司法将不得不设立一种“商品化权益”,保护这种民法中没有明确列举,但却必须予以保护的利益.适用不同法源的商品化权,由于保护的是相同的利益,其保护要件基本相同,其中最为本质的,是存在“稳定对应关系”;侵权认定标准也基本相同,都是构成“认可关系”的误认.     

法律职业伦理培养--不应忽视的法学素质教育

五十多年的经济建设与社会发展、二十余年的改革开放实践,经济市场化、政治民主化和意识形态人道化的趋势,历史地将中国推向建设社会主义法治国家的公共抉择,全面走入权利保障的法治时代已呈不可逆转之势.     

中国律师的环境与资源

能够有机会参加第四届中国律师论坛很高兴,我这个人每次给律师讲课之前要特别深思,10年内我给律师做过类似的题目大概有5次。今天又给大家选了一个题目,律师的环境与资源。人类生存离不开环境,同样律师要发展,如果他的生存环境被破坏了,它的发展就受到限制。我这个题目更多地是想来思考如何正确地对待律师的环境和资源。人与资源的环境有一个认识的过程,我觉得认识一个自然现象比认识人还是要简单一些。我们要认识一个人的话,认识别人和认识自己恐怕认识别人比认识自己更要容易一些。我想认识客观世界或者是主观世界,认识主观世界难,认识     

本科法学教育、司法考试与法律职业共同体：关系架构及其改革命题

一、法律职业共同体形成的背景与桥梁:法学教育与司法考试“法律职业共同体”是近年来研究司法制度的理论文献使用频率很高的一个词。尽管人们对于“法律职业共同体”的内涵、分类、层次等方面的看法不尽一致,但这个词本身给我们暗示了一个统一性的内涵,例如法官、检察官、律师