文化遗产数字化成果私权保护:价值、成效及制度调适

《知识产权强国建设纲要》和党的十九大报告中明确指出要加强非物质文化遗产的搜集整理和转化利用,推动中华优秀传统文化创造性转化、创新性发展,文化遗产传承和发展由此迎来自我更新的契机.我国对于文化遗产的相关法律保护目前以公法为主,私法保护取得了一定的实践成效,但其法律制度尚不完善.而数字环境下文化遗产及其元素的利用较强地依赖...     

公民社会经济权利宪法救济之中国路径——以南非宪法法院判例为切入点

南非宪法法院对公民社会经济权利的违宪审查判例受到宪法学界的广泛关注,这种做法具有制度创新和人权保障的双重效应。我们可以借鉴南非宪法法院相关判例,建立公民社会经济权利宪法救济的中国路径。在人民法院系统中设立宪法法庭,在人民代表大会系统中设立宪法委员会,并且在人民法院和人民代表大会之间建立特定的衔接机制,通过这些措施有助于实现中国特色的公民社会经济权利宪法救济。     

论法院对基本权利的保护

为公民基本权利提供保护,是现代国家合法性的重要来源。普通法院在基本权利保护中发挥着重要作用。德国虽然设立了宪法法院,但保护公民基本权利的职责仍主要由其他法院承担。在没有设立宪法法院的国家,通过普通法院更是为基本权利提供司法保护的唯一途径。我国法院应当通过三种方式为基本权利提供司法保护:如果法律有保护基本权利的具体规定,法院应当直接适用法律;如果法律对基本权利的保护只作了抽象规定,法院应当对有关抽象立法进行合宪解释之后予以适用;如果法律没有作出保护基本权利的任何规定,法院可以直接适用宪法的基本权利条款。     

论法院执行权力的分解

传统执行体制下执行权的运行模式存在重大缺陷，导致近年来法院执行系统的违法违纪现象层出不穷。原因之一，在于传统执行体制下执行权力过于集中，其配置和运行不科学。在现有体制框架下，分解法院执行权并致其相互制衡是可供优先选择的一条路径。法院的执行权可一分为四：执行调查权、执行实施权、执行裁决权、执行监督权。     

论传统文化的法律保护——以非物质文化遗产和传统文化表现形式为对象

关于传统文化保护,世界贸易组织、世界知识产权组织、联合国教科文组织有着不同的政策立场和立法取向。基于传统文化的不同客体属性,存在着两种不同的权利形态,即"集体产权"的知识产权和"集体人权"的文化权利。根据国际公约精神,借鉴他国立法经验,中国宜建立非物质文化遗产保护和传统文化表现形式保护的双重权利制度。     

Equal opportunities: protecting the rights of AIDS-linked children in the classroom

Within the past few years a number of children have been excluded from attending public school because they are linked to AIDS. School boards have justified their decisions to exclude these children on the basis that protecting the public's health, safety and welfare outweighs the rights of these children. Most courts have rejected this justification and have held that either under the equal protection clause of the Constitution or section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, children cannot be excluded from the classroom solely because they are linked to AIDS. This Note discusses both section 504 and equal protection analyses used by the courts. When analyzing a school board's decision to exclude an AIDS-linked child from the classroom, most courts have used a higher level of scrutiny and individualized inquiry in order to ensure that the rights of both the AIDS-linked child and his or her uninfected classmates and teachers are protected. After applying these analyses to a hypothetical case, this Note concludes that both section 504 and the equal protection clause ensure that AIDS-linked children will not be barred from the classroom unless the presence of additional factors increases the risk of these children transmitting the virus to others.     

个案中对域外注册商标能否保护的法理研究

在世界已进入高科技信息的时代 ,侵犯知识产权的商标权的行为也形态日益复杂隐蔽 ,按传统的知识产权管辖制度 ,各国法院一般拒绝受理外国 (地区 )知识产权纠纷 ,并拒绝外国知识产权法律的适用 ,这种传统制度已不能适应目前知识产权涉外保护的新形势。因此 ,应当变革传统观念和制度 ,扩大法院在涉外知识产权领域的管辖权。     

传统知识的知识产权保护正当性研究——以社区为新权利主体

传统知识是整个人类的宝贵财富。传统知识的基本特征使其难以获得现代知识产权制度的保护。在权利客体上,基于传统知识的基本特征,对知识产权客体进行发展、扩充,承认传统知识为知识产权保护的特殊客体;在权利主体的界定上,根据传统知识其本身的主体群体性、社区传统根本性特点,结合社区发展权理论,明确以社区作为传统知识在知识产权上的权利主体。对传统知识进行知识产权上的保护具有正当性,是法律公平原则的体现,是尊重人格权的需要,是维护和发展文化多样性和生物多样性的资源基础,是知识产权平衡激励机制的本质体现。     

From Rogers to Rivers: the rights of the mentally ill to refuse medication

Many individuals with mental illness wish to avoid psychotropic drugs, a type of treatment that may relieve their symptoms only at the risk of unpleasant, even permanent, side effects. In marked contrast to the widely-held view that most patients may refuse any treatment and that even patients with mental illness may reject other psychoactive interventions such as electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery, the courts and legislatures have been slow to recognize any right to refuse psychotropic drugs. This Article demonstrates that many of the justifications offered for forcing patients to take unwanted medications are inadequate and that unless treatment refusals are reviewed outside mental institutions, patients' rights will rarely receive appropriate deference. The author analyzes the federal and state litigation to determine whether the courts have fashioned meaningful relief for the mentally ill. The Article concludes that two recent United States Supreme Court decisions have made it impossible for the federal courts to provide adequate protection. By contrast, several state courts have responded to the needs and rights of patients with mental illness.     

Developments in judicial protection of human rights in the Commonwealth Caribbean

Judicial protection of fundamental rights in the Commonwealth Caribbean is identifiable in recent decisions in the areas of: vindicatory damages; discrimination and mala fides; proportionality; and the independence of Magistrates. Under vindicatory damages, the courts recognise the need for non‐compensatory damages for breaches of fundamental rights. In the area of discrimination judicial decisions indicate a movement towards the removal of the requirement of proof of mala fides for an allegation of unequal treatment by a public authority. Also of note are the introduction of proportionality and protection against contracting out of Constitutional rights, with regard to magistrates and their tenure.     

农村多元化纠纷解决机制中的司法救济

现代司法作为西方法治的舶来品对中国固有的司法传统带来了一定的冲击。在依法治国的今天,现代司法与中国传统的接触更多地表现在当下的农村社会。设置在乡镇中的人民法庭代表着司法权在基层社会中的渗透,作为一种权利救济途径的司法救济将民众与人民法庭联系到一起,将传统的纠纷解决模式与现代司法联系到一起。在这个传统与现代相互交错的时代,我们应当关注于司法救济如何落实抑或人民法庭如何在基层扎根。     

State Courts, the U.S. Supreme Court, and the Protection of Civil Liberties

Advocates of federalism, both in the United States and elsewhere, often cite the potential for enhanced protection of individual civil liberties as an emerging rationale for a federal system dividing governmental responsibilities between central and regional governments and central and regional judiciaries. Echoing this, some judicial officials and scholars, confronting an increasingly conservative U.S. Supreme Court, have called for state supreme courts to use the state constitutional grounds to preserve and increase the protections of the Bill of Rights. Using event count analysis, we examine state search-and-seizure cases for 1981 to 1993 to ascertain under what circumstances state courts would use this opportunity to eliminate Supreme Court review. We find that the relative ideological position of the state supreme courts and the U.S. Supreme Court often prevents, or does away with the need for, liberal courts to use the adequate and independent state grounds doctrine to expand the rights of criminal defendants and that state supreme court justices react more predictably in the assertion of constitutional protection law than the general consensus suggests.     

论文化权利的宪法保护

公民的文化权利与公民所享有的政治、经济和社会权利一样,都是公民作为国家和社会主人翁所必须享有的法律利益。我国是社会主义国家,保护公民权利是社会主义事业一贯的宗旨。从宪法角度来保障公民的文化权利,最主要的是应当加强相关的制度建设。应当在宪法文本中明确文化权利的基本权利宪法地位,明确国家和政府在保障文化权利方面应当承担的职责或义务,加强对文化权利的平等性的保护以及应当制定文化基本法律,来保障文化权利的实现真正做到有法可依。     

法政策学视野下的私有历史文化建筑保护——以世界文化遗产核心区以外的开平碉楼为例

私有历史文化建筑是具有文物价值的文化财产,在被指定、登录为文化遗产或文物前后分别为事实上的文物和法定的文物,因为前者缺乏保护的正当性,后者则面临私有所有权和公共利益的博弈,而均没有得到有效的保护和利用。要加强对私有历史文化建筑的保护和利用,从法政策学角度需要完善我国的文化遗产指定、登录和保护程序,设计出行之有效的私权保护和权利救济模式,优化良好的管理架构和资金拓展渠道,平衡私权所有人和公共利益的关系。在国家和地方政府层面构建私有文化建筑文化、产业和权利政策立法体系。     

刑事辩护制度的文化内涵与立法完善

辩护制度产生于西方,作为法治国家的一项重要法律制度,蕴含着“独立、平等、权利、民主”的法律文化,体现了个人本位和权利本位的价值观。由于这些价值观与我国的传统文化存在巨大的冲突,使辩护制度在我国的实施碰到了种种困难。     

行政法治视野中的民法典

民法典时代的行政法治面临新的发展契机。民法典直接为行政机关新设了职权行使的依据、划定了职权行使的边界,为人民法院行政审判活动提供了新的准据,从而拓展了依法行政之法的属性。作为民事权利行政保护的规范依据,民法典对行政机关提出了权利消极性保护、积极性保护和创造性保护的三层义务结构要求,有助于实现权利自救与他救、私法保护请求权与公法保护请求权的有机统一。作为行政法法典化的参照系,法律概念的清晰界定和科学分类、篇章结构的逻辑严密是民法典抽象化、类型化和体系化的表征。回归行政法基础理论研究、构建新时代中国特色行政法释义学,是民法典时代我国行政法治发展的基础性工程。     

非物质文化遗产的国际人权保护研究——以《保护非物质文化遗产公约》为视角

自2003年《保护非物质文化遗产公约》通过后,非物质文化遗产保护开始进入国际法领域,非物质文化遗产国际人权保护得以形成。然而,非物质文化遗产国际人权保护在人权评判标准的确立和保护机制的完善上还面临较大的困境。这些困境制约了非物质文化遗产国际人权保护的进一步发展。因此,既有必要从理论上解决国际人权标准的分歧,采用一种以尊重文化多样性为基础的人权评判标准,也有必要从制度上完善国际人权保护的运行机制,建立对话协商和动态审查机制,采用“对情况作恰度评估”原则,使非物质文化遗产国际人权保护摆脱困境、获得长足发展。     

An Equality and Human Rights Commission Worthy of the Name

The Human Rights Act 1998 came fully into force on 2 October 2000, enabling the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to be relied on directly in our domestic courts.¹ The Act lacked provision for a Human Rights Commission to advise and assist alleged victims in bringing proceedings for breaches of Convention rights, to research, intervene in court proceedings, and promote a culture of human rights, although such a Commission had been created for Northern Ireland. A White Paper has now been issued outlining plans for a Commission for Equality and Human Rights. This paper considers the future role and potential impact of the Commission and highlights opportunities that have been missed since October 2000 in its absence. We focus on its human rights aspects and summarize key conditions for the new Commission's success.     

论非物质文化遗产的私权保护

对非物质文化遗产,有必要在公权保护之外予以私权保护,私权保护有助于非物质文化遗产的保存、保护与弘扬。在具体权利的构建上,应重视精神权利的保护,非物质文化遗产所有人在文化遗产中所蕴含的人格利益需要得到尊重,享有以适当的方式表明非物质文化遗产来源的权利以及保护非物质文化遗产不被不适当使用和贬损性使用的权利;经济权利不宜过分强调,经济权利的授予与权利行使以惠益分享为原则,还应基于利益平衡原则予以一定的限制。