反垄断宽恕政策的理论分析与实证考察

宽恕政策是卡特尔执法的有效政策工具，它有利于破坏卡特尔的稳定性，有利于提高卡特尔的执法效率。设计合理的规则是宽恕政策有效发挥作用的基础，具体、确定、透明是宽恕政策的基本要求。宽恕政策的实施效果与卡特尔的立法、执法状况密切相关，严厉的法律制裁、坚定的执法态度和有力的执法措施能够有效促进宽恕政策的实施。为了加强卡特尔执法，我国反垄断执法机构应当根据《反垄断法》的有关规定尽快出台宽恕政策。     

竞争合规——以规制卡特尔为核心

卡特尔是公认的对市场竞争影响最为恶劣垄断行为。有效规制卡特尔除了加强公共执行和私人执行的威慑水平外,通过制度设计使企业产生自愿服从的内生性动机是一种新思路和新途径,这就需要将竞争政策融入公司治理,在企业内部建立竞争合规制度。     

欧盟卡特尔案件宽大制度及启示

欧盟宽大制度是一种减轻或免除卡特尔行为人罚款责任的制度。自1996年欧盟引入该项制度以来,现已历经2002年和2006年两次修改。现行宽大制度包括罚款全额免除和部分减免两方面：前者适用于最先提供可使欧盟委员会展开调查或发现违法行为证据的企业;后者适用于提供对欧盟委员会已掌握之证据具有显著附加价值证据的企业。同时,为保证宽大制度的有效实施,欧盟在宽大制度程序保障机制及规制机关自由裁量权控制等方面做出了完善规定。     

反垄断法宽恕制度的理论基础与实效保障

发源于美国反垄断法之宽恕制度,具有明显的依赖性、契约性和威慑性特征。由于该制度在反垄断执法中对于及时发现和查处秘密卡特尔发挥了重要作用,因此,被许多国家和地区反垄断法所参照,成为推动反垄断法有效实施的重要工具之一。坚实的经济学基础和法理学基础,是该制度合理性的依据所在,也是其功效得以发挥的重要基础;具体的适用条件、严厉的处罚措施、确定的减免待遇和诚实信用原则的遵守是其效力得以实现的重要保障。我国《反垄断法》虽然也引进了宽恕制度,但未设计具体有效的实效保障措施,应借鉴其他国家和地区的经验予以完善。     

宽严相济政策在未成年人犯罪案件中的适用——以刑事诉讼程序中的检察环节为视角

检察机关要正确领会和切实贯彻宽严相济刑事司法政策,以"宽"与"严"相济为导向来处理未成年人犯罪。在具体执法手段上,要区分未成年人犯罪的不同动机和不同情节,采用多元的"宽"的执法方法;对未成年人犯罪性质恶劣、情节严重的要及时给以打击,该捕要捕、该诉要诉,当严则严;还可以考虑借鉴"恢复性司法"司法措施,以兼顾未成年犯罪人的权利保护和受害人损失的恢复与补偿。"宽"与"严"都要以实现社会公平、正义、和谐为其终极目的。     

检视与重塑：宽严相济刑事政策的理论基础

宽严相济刑事政策是当下刑事法界域一个颇为热门的话语,并带动了新一轮刑事政策研究浪潮。这固然是一个可喜现象,但在繁华表象下保持一定的慎思却是必要的。基本刑事政策乃刑事法治的灵魂与导向,从根本上决定了刑事法律活动的基本框架,并将直接影响惩治犯罪与预防犯罪的效果。因此,有必要进一步夯实宽严相济政策的理论基础,提升基本刑事政策研究的理论品格,并为其实践展开作好理论准备。     

反贪工作与贯彻宽严相济刑事政策

作为一种基本的刑事法律指导方针,宽严相济刑事政策在我国的刑事立法、司法实践活动中早有体现;但是,在司法实务过程中,以数额为主导确定定罪量刑幅度法定刑的规定,存在诸多法律或技术上的障碍和困惑,以及对贪污贿赂犯罪处理上宽严失衡客观情况的存在,都给全面贯彻宽严相济刑事政策造成了困惑和尴尬,因此,完善关于贪污贿赂犯罪的刑罚规范,并修改程序法以提高侦查机关依法打击贪污贿赂犯罪能力,将反腐败斗争纳入法治化轨道,同时完善反贪工作中运用宽严相济刑事政策的相关工作机制,成为贯彻宽严相济刑事政策的主要途径。     

The Road to EU Membership. Enforcing Competition Policy in Hungary: Double Protection and Domestic Developments

The present article is concerned withthe so-called process of harmonisation to theCommunity Law, which is taking place in thecentral eastern European countries, candidatesto join the European Union. Specifically, thisarticle deals with the building of a matureHungarian competition policy, inaccordance with the acquis communautaire,as part of a larger long-term programme ofpro-market decisions concerning privatisationand market openness. On the one hand, theso-called iterated multi-level interaction indifferent arenas between Hungarian institutionsand the Union, structured on path-dependentdynamics, influences the mechanisms and thetiming of harmonisation to the EuropeanUnion. On the other hand, the gradualempowerment of an independent national Office of Economic Competition and theprogress made to the adaptation of policystructures and policy behaviours to theEuropean Union's canons and laws are taken asthe main factors explaining the development ofa clear, predictable, and transparent processof competition law enforcement. Byfollowing a multidisciplinary approach, thisarticle combines an analysis of the meaning ofboth the Hungarian Competition Act and theprovisions on competition contained in the Europe Agreement, alongside a study of theirenforcement experience, revealing a gap betweenthe high consistency of the Hungariandiscipline on competition protection withEuropean Union law and the real enforcement capacity.     

西方政府采购政策的功能定位及其启示

西方国家的政府采购活动历史悠久,并已形成了各具特色的政府采购政策.其功能主要体现在采购本国产品、扶持中小企业和保护本国产业发展等方面.中国自1998年开始正式实行政府采购制度,随着政府采购规模的不断扩大,将对我国社会发展和经济运行产生越来越深刻的影响.我们应当借鉴西方国家在这一方面成功的经验,进一步明确我国的政府采购政策的功能定位,充分发挥其积极作用.     

Issues in Juvenile Program Implementation: A Case Study

Both adult and juvenile justice agencies seek to offer quality programs, but implementing a new program can be a difficult and daunting task. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the issues and concerns faced by one jurisdiction as a result of attempting to implement a new curfew check program. The goal is to share specific issues with general underlying solutions that may be utilized in other jurisdictions. An examination of the records of 79 juvenile offenders assigned to the program provides the information for this discussion. Results indicate that some basic assumptions of the program designers were incorrect, and that constant monitoring and the centralization of tasks were keys to program sustainability.     

Gang Activity and Overall Levels of Crime: A New Mapping Tool for Defining Areas of Gang Activity Using Police Records

In this note, a new method for defining gang activity areas based uponpolice records is illustrated using the Chicago Police Department's1996 incident files. This method is based upon standard geographictechniques and uses a uniform grid that divides the city into 150-msquares. It is shown that this technique may be useful both in describinggang activity areas and in describing the spatial distribution of crime inlarge cities. A strong relationship is found between the number of gangsthat are active in an area and the general level of criminal activity.     

数据迁移权及其本土化路径研究--以数据竞争为视角

《欧盟一般数据保护条例》(GDPR)率先在个人数据领域赋予数据主体数据迁移权,成为全球数据保护的立法标杆。数据迁移权的诞生为企业参与数据竞争正向赋能,企业竞争中也存在诸多数据迁移障碍。本文结合欧盟数据迁移权的相关规定,以数据、数据迁移权和数据竞争三要素之间的互动关系为进路,通过剖析数据迁移对企业竞争和创新发展的双向反馈,认为我国不应急于实施数据迁移权,而是将数据迁移权定性为一种柔性权利,按照"三阶段五步骤"的路径规划,逐步建立符合我国国情的数据迁移制度。     

连选连任:企业家成长的制度障碍

企业家连选连任不利于经营能力的提高,导致人才断层,企业家缺乏,许多企业家退化变质。废除连选连任制度,要破除优秀者连任的错误价值观,建立竞选、培训、任职周期循环体系。     

The European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics: A New Tool in Assessing Crime and Policy Issues in Comparative and Empirical Perspective

Theories which suggest a relationship between crime or criminal justice variables on the one hand, and variables related to criminal justice policies on the other hand, cannot be tested without reference to historic or comparative data. Since international comparisons offer the most powerful test of such theories, policy-related research in Europe has suffered, so far, from a lack of valid comparative data. Whether crime data from different countries are comparable, has always been subject to controversies. In the case of the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice, a network of specialists was established under the auspices of the Council of Europe in order to assess the validity of the data. Although some problems in cross-country level comparisons could not be settled, the European Sourcebook offers comparative data on 36 Member States of the Council of Europe on a variety of subjects (offences and offenders known to the police; prosecution, convictions, sentences, and corrections; survey data; and indications on manpower and budgets of police forces, prosecutors, and corrections).     

环境瑕疵担保责任论纲——作为EPR政策落实手段的视角

瑕疵担保责任适用范围的渐趋拓展为其适用于环境领域提供了可能。我国的环境问题日益凸显,而相应的一些环境政策却无法得以具体落实,其中的EPR政策即为明证。基于此,文章重点对作为EPR政策私法落实手段的环境瑕疵担保责任进行了理论上的建构,明确了环境瑕疵担保责任与侵权法的关系,并依次从环境瑕疵担保责任的权利义务主体、客体、性质、内容、实现等方面加以详细分析。     

Expressive Logic: A New Premise in Arts Advocacy

This article traces the origins of cultural management education in Europe and explores trends in the development of educational and training programs in the field. The article then assesses the role of international organizations and networks active in the sphere of culture and education and in stimulating growth of the sector. Finally, the article outlines current EU policies that affect the way education and training or cultural management may develop in European countries.     

新时代法理：从冲突走向合作——建立法理型社会的法律社会学思考

以法律社会学的三大研究范式即功能主义、自由多元主义和马克思主义的社会观-国家观-法律观之间的主要差异——合作、竞争和冲突——为立论基础,论证了当代中国由马克思主义的冲突观转向功能主义的合作观的必需。依据这种＂从冲突走向合作＂的新时代法理,结合当代中国国家治理的六个基本法律问题,阐述了如何在关键转型上遵循新法律理性,从基调伦理与宪政改革上建立法理型社会秩序。     

技术创新乘数效应的发生机理及路径选择——一个新的理论分析框架

技术创新乘数效应是一个有待拓展的重要理论命题。考察技术创新乘数效应的内在运行机理可以发现,技术创新乘数效应是通过规模经济、范围经济、联结经济和速度经济等形态生成的,并与福特制、丰田制和温特制等组织载体相耦合。因此,中国应通过多种路径为充分发挥技术创新乘数效应创造条件。     

治安预警机制：社区警务建设的新尝试

在社区建立治安预警机制是完善社区警务,有效打击、预防犯罪,维护社会稳定的一项重要措施。在社区警务中构建治安预警机制应根据社区警务的特点,确立和发挥其在社区警务中的功能,完善以警情通报制度为中心的信息通报、披露制度,完善治安预警的相关机制,扩大适用范围。