Un modēle de reprise par actionnariat privē

与法国的中小型企业不同，中国许多中小型企业在转型时期是由经营不善的国营或集体企业经过改制才实行民营化的。在改制过程中，由于体制和遗留问题，使得改制过程出现了各种不同的困惑。久安医药正是在困难和迷惑中成功地实现了民营化经营并在市场中取得了一席之地。     

L＇interprētation de rerreur

外语教学当中，学生所犯的错误历来是语言学家和教学工作者所关心的问题。从上个世纪50年代的对比研究，到60年代开始的错误分析理论，再到后来的间语以及双语理论，语言学家们一直围绕“错误”这个中心问题展开研究。本文以上述四种理论研究为轴心，从错误的定义、错误产生原因和人们对待错误态度的转变、错误的意义以及错误研究在教学实践中的几点启示四个方面，对外语学习中的错误进行简要阐述。     

Impressions sur un roman

ｏｕｔａｃｏｍｍｅｎｃ啨,ｃｏｍｍｅｂｅａｕｃｏｕｐｄｅｈａｓａｒｄｓｄｅｌａｖｉｅ,ｐａｒｕｎｅｒｅｎｃｏｎｔｒｅ,ｕｎｊｏｕｒ,ａｖｅｃｕｎｐｅｔｉｔｍａｎｕｅｌｄ′ｈｉｓｔｏｉｒｅｄｅｌａＣｈｉｎｅａｎｃｉｅｎｎｅ.Ｃ′啨ｔａｉｔｉｌｙａｐｒ埁ｓｄｅｄｉｘａｎｓ.Ｅｎｆｅｕｉｌｌｅｔａｎｔｌｅｌｉｖｒｅ,ｊｅｔｏｍｂａｉｓｕｒｌ′ｈｉｓｔｏｉｒｅｔｒ埁ｓａｂｒ啨ｇ啨ｅｄｅｌａｖｉｅｄｅＺｈｕＹｕａｎｚｈａｎｇ ,ｆｏｎ ｄａｔｅｕｒｄｅｌａｄｙｎａｓｔｉｅｄｅｓＭｉｎｇ .Ｃｅｔｔｅｖｉｅｓｅｍｂｌａ…     

La realisation d＇un systeme automatique question-reponse sur un texte francais

面向实际运用目的的法语文本自动处理是法国计算机语言学的研究热点和难点领域。本文在借鉴和发展东西方重要理论——语义网、语义基元、格语法、五元组——的基础上，选择从简单的法语文本入手，设想建构一个新的处理法语文本的模型，将自然语句转化为机器能够识别的语句格式，通过语义匹配、逻辑推理和语义距离计算等方法，以期在小范围内生成自动问答体系。     

Lecture d′un quatrain

本文是对某首马拉美十四行诗中一段诗节的解读。通过其语义和韵律两个层面,领略诗人别具匠心的创作美。     

Poderes fácticos,comunicación y gobernabilidad: un acercamiento conceptual

The category of factual powers has become a fashionable term. Beyond observable differences in the journalistic, academic or political interests of the scholarly approaches to the topic, the author considers that it is possible to affirm that this question is inextricably related to the issue of democracy, and specifically its viability and governability. This article is framed within this analytic and contextual perspective -factual powers, democracy and governability. Given that the category has not a univocal meaning, after drawing basic differences among the various interest groups, pressure groups and factual powers, it characterizes those emerging social actors capable to dispute the power of formal institutions and analyzes the particular composition of the mass media.     

Las diásporas transnacionales: ¿una nueva era o un nuevo mito?

The numberless unprecedented situations attached today to the concept of transnational diaspora arise the debate of whether or not this phenomenon signals a new era. Our own contention is that it does represent a factor of new kinds of heterogenization of both the societal reality and of the diasporas themselves, as worldwide entities. It is in this dialectic perspective that we describe transnational diasporas as causes of discontinuity in our world and point out to the qualitative change in the social fabrics that they represent. Among other aspects, dual or threefold homeness that is bound to the transnational condition signifies for diasporans a slipping away from the totalistic character of the commitment and view of the nation that the nation-state requires of its citizens. When viewed in its multiplicity, the cohabitation under the same societal roof of a priori alien socio-cultural entities yields a configuration that is not uniform in every setting, but which still responds in its essentials to the new reality experienced by many a contemporary society. To illustrate this approach, this paper compares four well-known contemporary transnational diasporas namely, the Muslim, African, Hispanic and Chinese.     

Wuhan ： un romancier dans la ville

弗朗西斯·德沃 ,法国作家 ,历史教授 ,已出版小说三部 ,其中两部以中国明代历史为题材 :《光明之路》与《光明之子》。由周汉斌译《光明之路》 ,已于 2 0 0 0年在长江文艺出版社出版。应武大法语系之邀 ,德沃先生应于 2 0 0 2年 1 0月 2 5日来汉讲学 ,无奈命数无常 ,在他临行前一周 ,我们惊闻噩耗 :年仅 48岁的德沃在家中病故。我们深感悲痛。《法国研究》谨刊发德沃交付的两篇短文 ,藉此表达我们对这位法国作家的深深悼念。     

La Commune de Paris vue par un Chinois

清代的张德彝曾多次出使欧美 ,特别是在同治年间出使巴黎 ,亲眼目睹了巴黎公社起义的全过程 ,并在《三述奇》一书中做了详细的记录。本文是对此书的介绍和评论 ,以及由此引发的关于中外文化交流中更具普遍性的问题的一点思考。     

Hacia un proyecto “democrático-expansivo” de transparencia

This work explores the paradox of normative and institutional improvements vis-à-vis political and practical deficiencies through the analytical lens of an increasing clash among three different and opposing projects of transparency: the “bureaucratic”, the “public-relation,” and the “democratic-expanding” approaches. Mexico’s failure to fulfill the promises of its institutional reforms is due to the preeminence of the first two approaches. Mexico, as well as other countries in a similar situation, needs to transcend such superficial, one-sided approaches to fully embrace a project aimed at deepening and expanding democracy itself.     

Lecture d'un extrait d'《Une Tempête sous un crane》

<脑海中的风暴>是雨果文字海洋中的珠玑.本文试图借助文体学概念,对冉阿让波澜起伏、一泻千里的内心独白逐层深入地进行挖掘,从而淋漓尽致地展现文学经典的魅力,领略大师带给人类心灵的永恒的震撼.     

Más allá de la representación y del clientelismo: hacia un lenguaje de la intermediación política

This paper proposes rethinking conceptual scopes of the term “political mediation”, in order to illustrate the analytical scope of indirect politics, whose range of possibilities has usually been thought of as if contained between the extremes of political representation and patronage. An analytical exercise is offered as one possible and tentative path to specify not only a vocabulary which is more sensitive to the demands of the present but to –in the words of Bunge– allow the initial reinterpretation of old symbols of our political vocabulary. To this end, in addition to a linguistic and conceptual journey of the term “intermediation”, three analytical dimensions of indirect policy are developed; thus facilitating dialogue with theories of representation, and leading to an analytical model that we call “cube of indirect politics”. We conclude with a brief case classification exercise intended to show the displacements produced by this model in understanding certain indirect political experiences.     

La victoire de l′amour—Lecture méthodique d′un poème de Francis Jammes

雅姆的诗平易自然 ,但意境幽丽 ,读来令人感到亲切 ,余音缭绕。本文着重从词汇、结构、韵律、主题等方面分析了雅姆的一首诗 ,展现了作者的主要写作风格。     

La victoire de l′amour—Lecture m&#233;thodique d′un po&#232;me de Francis Jammes

雅姆的诗平易自然,但意境幽丽,读来令人感到亲切,余音缭绕.本文着重从词汇、结构、韵律、主题等方面分析了雅姆的一首诗,展现了作者的主要写作风格.     

Presupuesto público sin participación ciudadana. La necesidad de un cambio institucional en México para la consolidación democrática

Over the last thirty years, Mexico has undergone an important consolidation of its institutional framework, focused primarily on the electoral and political system. This process of political change was accompanied by a significant transformation and liberalization of the financial and economic system. Mexico’s current situation proves that both processes do not yield satisfactory results when social problems are left unattended. In fact, the transition from a noncompetitive political system to a more democratic one, has not guaranteed better living conditions for most of the population, in part because there is practically no participation in public life on behalf of most of the citizenry. This article reflects on the fundamental importance of citizens’ participation in democracy. Particular attention is paid to public participative budgets as factors which may contribute to democracy’s consolidation and quality, but which have had negligible impacts thus far as is illustrated by public participative budgets initiatives that have been held in Mexico City.     

艺术影院:夹缝生存

去年一年,影院放映的艺术片共140余部,其中30多部是老片回放,只有12部是国产新作,更有99部是来自各国交流影展的海外艺术片。国产艺术片从数量到质量都难以支撑一家影院的正常放映,更不用说是一整条院线。     

代孕:世界考题

不管是非法还是合法,代孕在任何一个国家都是充满争议的"行当"。保守者眼中,生育事关情感、血脉、家族;但面对生育困难的家庭,代孕又瞬间变成一种"慈善"。对于任何国家和民族,代孕都是一道难解的题。     

中国足球:罪与罚

大审判之后,在物欲横流的中国足坛,几十年来形成的潜规则不会就此宣告结束?轰轰烈烈、从上至下,历时两年半的足球反赌扫黑,如今到了最后的判刑阶段。2月16日、2月18日,当一个个冰冷的数字被宣读后,随着丹东和铁岭法官的落槌判决,包括四大黑哨黄俊杰、陆俊、万大雪、周伟新,以及两名前足协高管杨一民、