俄罗斯刑法中的罪过论

罪过理论是刑法学最重要的组成部分。罪过问题一直都是世界各国刑法学界研究的热点,中国现行刑法中的罪过理论移植于前苏联,因此与苏俄的罪过理论有着历久弥新的传承关系。从罪过理论的历史沿革、罪过概念、罪过与犯罪构成、罪过与刑事责任根据的关系等宏观视角对俄罗斯刑法中的罪过问题进行全方位的探讨与分析,概括俄罗斯刑法中罪过思想的基本轮廓,可以为中国刑法学界罪过问题的研究提供借鉴。     

Mens Rea by the Numbers

Before the recent presidential election, a bipartisan congressional effort was made to pass a criminal justice reform bill. The bill faltered in part because of a proposed default mens rea provision: statutes silent on mens rea, that were not explicitly identified as strict liability by the legislature, would be taken to require for guilt proof of knowledge with respect to each material element. This paper focusses on a prominent line of disagreement about the default mens rea provision. Proponents argued that it would reduce the number of unjust verdicts in corporate cases. They noted that there have been convictions of corporations and corporate officers for public welfare offenses in instances in which there was good reason to believe that the defendants lacked mens rea. They touted the legislation, then, as a way of reducing the false positive rate. Opponents noted that the provision would also reduce the rate of true positives in corporate prosecutions—convictions of those possessing mens rea who could not be proven to—and opposed the legislation on those grounds. Both sides, then, accepted that the relevant question was, in part, numerical: under the provision, would the reductions in guilty verdicts of those lacking mens rea outnumber and outweigh the increases in acquittals of those possessing it? This paper critically examines this numerical approach for assessing and justifying the default mens rea provision. The paper argues that there is a small domain under which it is appropriate to reason in such numerical terms about a default mens rea provision, but that that domain is so small as to make such arguments inappropriate when it comes to sweeping legislation, such as that proposed. The paper further argues that in light of this conclusion the default mens rea provision must be examined non-numerically, through appeal to principled considerations about the necessary conditions for morally justified infliction of punishment. When such arguments are freed from numerical considerations of the kind that dominated the public discussion of the legislation, they decide the matter: the default mens rea provision deserves bipartisan support.     

论犯罪心理概念的发展对当代美国刑法的影响

从法律发展史的角度,犯罪心理概念在英美法系的发展可以初步概括为三个发展阶段,它的发展与成熟代表了普通法发展和现代化的过程。同时,犯罪心理概念的主导地位的确立直接导致了英美法系主客观相统一原则的形成。当代美国刑法学界对其进行了合理的改造,改造的结果使主客观相统一原则在美国刑事司法实践中更现实,并且致力于平衡公平与效率的关系。因此,主客观相统一原则在英美法系同样扮演着重要角色。     

Negligence,Mens Rea,and What We Want the Element of Mens Rea to Provide

It is widely agreed that the top three Model Penal Code culpability levels suffice for criminal liability, but the fourth is controversial. And it isn̵     

罪过形式的确定——刑法第15条第2款“法律有规定”的含义

确定具体犯罪的罪过形式时,不能以“事实上能否出于过失”的归纳取代“法律有无规定”的判断,而应当充分考虑并贯彻刑法第15条第2款“过失犯罪,法律有规定的才负刑事责任”的规定。将某种犯罪确定为过失犯罪的法定标准,是法律有文理规定。根据尊重人权主义的原理,对于法益侵害并非严重的行为,不宜确定为过失犯罪;按照责任主义原理,不能出现某种犯罪只能由过失构成而不能由故意构成的局面;依循刑法的谦抑性原理,罪过形式的确定,不能以其他法领域规定的过错形式为标准。     

犯意之于美国刑法中的共谋

从构成美国刑法中犯罪横向典型样态的共谋的发展历史和构成角度出发,围绕共谋当中的犯意规定加以研讨,主要考察了美国刑法实践对于意图以及明知的选择,在此基础上分析了针对随附情状的犯意,并且考察了动机在共谋犯罪当中的相关性的有无。     

防卫过当罪过研究

刑法第20条第2款中的"明显"不应仅从客观层面来理解,也应关注其主观心理方面,这是动态分析防卫行为过程的必然结论,因此"明显"涵括行为人也清楚地认识到自己的行为超过了必要限度的情形。从期待可能性理论角度考察,刑法放宽了正当防卫的限度,将原来疏忽大意过失心理支配下的防卫过当行为归入现在的正当防卫的范畴。防卫过当的罪过形式应是间接故意与过于自信的过失。     

推定在犯意认定中的运用——基于英美国家犯意推定的思考

由于意识与意志的主观性,在刑事诉讼中,犯意的证明一直是困扰控方的难题。在缺乏被告人自白的情况下,犯罪的证明完全依赖于推定这一手段。但推定结论的或然性引发了人们关于犯意认定中推定运用可行性的怀疑;犯意推定的证据标准也无法与直接证明的标准一致;推定还可能导致证明责任分配上的争论。英美国家刑事诉讼中对于犯意推定形成了较为稳定的规则,可资借鉴。     

刑法未遂理论在德国的发展

围绕"为什么处罚要处罚未遂行为"问题的讨论,在德国刑法学界已经有了两百年以上的历史.实际上,这个问题与刑罚目的理论、不法理论的基本问题有着紧密的关联,在这样的关联中清晰地展现未遂理论过去和现在的历史变化,有助于了解未遂理论发展的历史脉络和当今的研讨状况,由此,推测其未来发展的可能方向和空间.     

犯罪未遂起点初探

作为未遂起点,着手是界定预备与未遂的重要标准。目前多数国家的刑法将着手定义为实行行为的开始,但德国刑法典认为着手直接处于实行行为之前,将作为罪与非罪界限的未遂起点提前,从立法上降低了起刑点,提高了对人权的保护水平。从这一刑法前沿理论中吸取经验,将有助于我国刑法学界相关领域的研究。     

Moral Reasons for an Intercultural Criminal Law. A Philosophical Attempt

The internationalization of our societal relations has even had an impact on criminal law. While criminal law previously fell almost exclusively within the scope of the responsibilities of individual states, internationalization has affected the practice of criminal law for a long time now. Neither terrorism nor gun-running nor drug trade nor child prostitution observe national borders. In such a new frame of cross-cultural legal problems, the paper shows that—insofar as criminal offences can be justified with universal and human rights arguments, as they usually can—moral reasons for an intercultural criminal law can be given.     

由被害人“预防投资”解构犯罪未遂的轻刑化

潜在的被害人为自我保护通常会进行预防投资,但是其投资水平并非总是处于最佳状态,从而产生负外部性,需要刑罚对之进行宏观调控。法律的经济分析表明犯罪人更倾向于选择高预防水平的被害人为目标对象,而犯罪未遂轻刑化正是防止投资过度,节约社会资源的规律使然。从经济效用看,犯罪未遂轻刑化不仅契合了市场经济的理念,实现了帕累托更优状态,更推动了预防犯罪博弈的均衡。