弱势群体的宪法地位研究

弱势群体在宪法领域具有特定的涵义,其宪法地位体现在具体的宪法原则和制度中;从历史的角度看,弱势群体的宪法地位也经历了一个逐步提高的过程.我国宪法对弱势群体作出了保护,但存在不足,应修改宪法给弱势群体予以充分的保护.     

法学意义上的社会弱势群体概念

对社会弱势群体概念的理解和认识不应当局限于社会学领域。因为那只是对社会弱势群体的多元化解释中的一种。既然法律是调控人类社会生活的主要规则 ,社会弱势群体就必然需要法律的调整、帮助和保护。那么 ,从法学的角度对社会弱势群体进行解释就并非毫无意义。在法学中 ,社会弱势群体是指由于社会条件和个人能力等方面存在障碍而无法实现其基本权利 ,需要国家帮助和社会支持以实现其基本权利的群体。因此 ,社会弱势群体概念的外延决定于现时社会中被人们认可的基本权利。同时社会弱势群体并不是严格意义上的比较性概念 ,而是身分性概念。     

Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006: the implications for employers in educational settings

Vetting those who work with children and vulnerable adults is an emotive topic and one which can prove a challenging area for employers. The legitimate interest that parents, carers and employers have in screening those charged with the care of others can be in direct conflict with the most fundamental principles of economic freedom and employees’ human rights. The desire to balance these conflicting objectives is at the heart of the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006, which introduces what is being heralded as the most inclusive and comprehensive vetting and barring system to date. The changes dramatically widen the scope of workers who are subject to vetting and barring processes, covering employees, volunteers and contractors in the education, care and health industries, and affecting some 11.3 million people in the UK. This new scheme is of particular relevance and importance to schools and other educational institutions, who will be directly affected by the changes. This article will examine the practical employment implications of the new regime and the new obligations that the Vetting and Barring Scheme creates for both employers and employees.     

弱势群体犯罪研究

弱势群体犯罪越来越引起学者的重视,进一步研究弱势群体犯罪的成因、犯罪类型、犯罪特点及预防措施对构建和谐社会、减少犯罪具有重要的现实意义。     

社会弱势群体法律保护问题论纲

保护与救济社会弱势群体是实现社会公正和法律实质正义的基本要求,是构建和谐社会的题中应有之义。虽然法律机制因其局限性而无法解决社会弱势群体利益需求的全部问题,但是法律机制在保护社会弱势群体方面不可或缺、不可替代。社会弱势群体法律保护的基本内容应该围绕权利宣言和权利保障展开,核心问题应该是在给人以机会、给人以能力、给人以物质帮助三个方面寻求制度努力。     

论失业弱势群体社会网络的断裂与重构

中国人的社会行动是关系取向的,人们的社会关系是呈网状结构的,而这种社会关系网络结构又是分层化的.在失业弱势群体的社会支持体系中,非正式社会网络支持发挥着重要的作用.但是,这种非正式社会网络的社会支持作用是有限度的.失业下岗人员的社会网络断裂,更使其社会支持功能的发挥大打折扣.因此,失业弱势群体必须充分借助正式社会网络的社会支持力量,重构自己的社会关系网络.     

社会弱势群体权益保障的价值探究

社会弱势群体权益保障作为人权保障范畴的重要构成部分，其价值已经超越了传统观念中关于缓解社会贫富分化，减少社会不稳定因素，维护社会秩序等意义，而是触及了整个社会的深层价值底线，即修正现代民主的局限性，维护实质上的社会公平和正义，实现社会可持续发展。为了实践我国宪法关于“尊重和保障人权”的价值追求，我们必须从各种途径来完善我国社会弱势群体权益保障。     

当前农村弱势群体法律援助面临的问题和对策

近年来,我国法律援助制度建设取得长足进步,但针对农村弱势群体的法律援助明显滞后。究其原因主要有:现有法律规定不完善、法律援助适用标准模糊、资金来源渠道单一、法律援助队伍不健全、法律援助的实施缺乏有效监督。有鉴于此,应该以坚持基本权利保障、尊重个人发展权和公平正义原则为指导思想,细化农村弱势群体的法律援助适用标准,加强法律援助队伍的建设与监管,进一步健全和完善农村弱势群体法律援助制度。     

青少年活体年龄鉴定操作规范的探讨

目前尚无公认的活体年龄鉴定操作规范或指导文献,各国及国内不同地区,甚至同一地区不同部门,采用的鉴定方法和技术手段各不相同,可能影响鉴定结论的科学性和准确性,甚至影响了司法鉴定的公平、公正。结合相关骨龄研究进展,就活体年龄鉴定的操作规范化问题进行初步探讨,提出了＂综合原则、均值原则、下限原则、及时原则＂等鉴定的基本原则,认为应综合多方法、多部位、多标准进行骨龄鉴定,同时结合牙龄、第二性征、营养状态和相关病理等影响骨骼发育因素的基本信息,综合地分析、判断并加以说明,期望促进活体年龄鉴定操作规范的研讨以及司法鉴定标准化的建设。同时,提出的＂鉴定四原则＂对于其他较复杂的和多因素案例的法医学鉴定亦具有借鉴意义。     

社会弱势群体保护的权利视角及其理论基础——以平等理论透视

对于社会弱势群体的以“权利”为立足点的关怀和保护是人类特有的道德法则 ,也是实践中制度理性之重要表现。本文通过对于什么是“社会弱势群体”、社会弱势群体保护的权利视角和社会弱势群体权利保护理论的基础等三个问题的分析 ,认为对于社会弱势群体应该通过权利的方式进行保护 ,其基础就是实质平等理论。这种理论昭示着人权范围的扩大及国家义务的扩大 ,从而给予了社会弱势群体有效的保护。     

网络“悯弱”舆论之现实性考证

同情弱者无疑是必需的,但滥施的、跟风的同情,却失去了意义。网络舆论盲目＂悯弱＂的群体极化效应极不利于公众的理性思考和健康监督,势必影响社会成员之间的认同和凝聚,引诱人们走向极端,对社会产生巨大的离心影响。社会公众有必要对网络＂悯弱＂舆论进行认真反思,寻求其理性的回归,以促进社会和谐的实现。     

信访制度变革与弱势群体权利救济

作为国家机器中的一种权力技术装置,信访制度曾经完成了国家许多阶段性的控制任务.直至今天,对于弱势群体,信访制度仍然被他们看成实现权利的重要途径之一.但是,从更长远的眼光来看,信访的救济功能到底是更有助于弱势群体维护权利还是更不利于他们实现权利救济,这还是一个值得探讨的问题,因为信访救济属于一种逆法治的维权方式,对现有的法治框架下的其他救济制度是一种冲击.讨论信访制度应该怎样改革才能适应新的社会发展和弱势群体维权的需要.     

Radicalization of U.S. prisoners

Research Summary
Concern has been expressed that prisoner radicalization poses a high probability threat to the safety of the United States. Although the threat of terrorist acts planned in prison is known to be above zero because of a nearly executed terrorist plot hatched in a state prison, the central finding of this research is that the actual probability is modest. The reasons for a modest probability are fourfold: Order and stability in U.S. prisons were achieved during the buildup period, prison officials successfully implemented efforts to counter the importation of radicalism, correctional leadership infused antiradicalization into their agencies, and inmates' low levels of education decreased the appeals of terrorism.
Policy Implications
The prison environment permits a great deal of information to be collected on the activities and, more difficult to detect, planned activities of inmates after they are released. This environment requires the attentive observation of staff, collection of information from inmates, and efforts at different levels of a correctional agency to assemble, collate, and assess information; much of it is likely to be false and some will be vital.     

The Radicalization of Democracy: Conflict,Social Movements and Terrorism

The idea of democracy is being championed across the world, with some fifty new countries embracing this type of political system between 1974 and 2011 (Freedom House Anxious dictators, wavering democracies: global freedom under pressure, Freedom House, Washington, 2016). Simultaneously, however, dissatisfaction has grown due to the perceived incapacity of democracy to deal with collective problems, hence the necessity to reconfigure it and redraw some of its principles. This paper links the analysis of the recent evolution of democratic systems with the trajectory of socio-political conflicts and the changing features of contemporary terrorism. It examines, therefore, two intertwined phenomena, namely the radicalization of democracy and the radicalization of the other. It concludes by stressing that encouraging dissent and heeding contentious claims made by social movements may be one way of mitigating both types of radicalization. Embedded in the tradition of critical criminology, this paper attempts to demonstrate that only by outflanking conventional categories of analysis can the criminological community aspire to grasp such thorny contemporary phenomena.     

First-in-Human Trial Participants: Not a Vulnerable Population, but Vulnerable Nonetheless

The 21st-century translational science campaign could lead to an increase in first-in-human (FIH) trials. As tests of investigational interventions move from the laboratory to human research, scientists, officials, and review committees should address ongoing concerns about the ethics of FIH trials. In this article, I describe three ethical considerations relevant to all FIH trials: (1) the requirement for adequate preclinical research; (2) study design safeguards; and (3) choice of subject population. I also examine specific ethical considerations relevant to the three subject populations (healthy volunteers, seriously ill patients lacking standard treatment options, and stable patients) involved in FIH research. I recommend a variety of actions that could increase subject protection and the value of the information generated in FIH trials.     

Loners,Colleagues, or Peers? Assessing the Social Organization of Radicalization

This study explores the utility of a sociological model of social organization developed by Best and Luckenbill (1994) to classify the radicalization processes of terrorists (i.e., extremist perpetrators who engaged in ideologically motivated acts of violence) who are usually categorized as loner or lone wolf attackers. There are several organizational frameworks used to define or classify violent acts performed by individuals who may or may not have ties to extremist groups, but these studies largely ignore the role of social relationships in radicalization and the extent to which they inform our knowledge of terror. To address this gap, we apply the Best and Luckenbill model of social organization using a qualitative analysis of three case studies of four lone actor or small cell terrorists. The findings demonstrate lone actors are not always true loners in the context of radicalization, and highlights the ways that the Internet and social ties foster the radicalization processes of terror.

     

Observer Sensitivity and Early Radicalization to Violence Among Young People in Germany

Social Justice Research - Personal sensitivity to injustice from either a victim or an observer perspective shapes political attitudes and actions. Yet, little is known about the link between...     

Vulnerable Brains: Research Ethics and Neurosurgical Patients

Seven specific challenges in patient vulnerability related to neurosurgical advancement highlight needed augmentations for standards in innovation and research that do not unduly inhibit access to potential therapies while assuring just treatment of patients.     

脆弱证人庭审质证规则研究

脆弱证人一般包括儿童与身心不健全的脆弱成年人。由于传统质证规则的对抗性,脆弱证人容易陷入困惑而无法进行有效的质证。为提高脆弱证人提供证据的质量,提升质证的效果,有必要规定脆弱证人的特殊庭审质证规则。从比较法的视野来看,相关国家关于脆弱证人在质证主体、方式和内容上的特殊质证规则值得借鉴,尤其是英国的中间人制度,在司法实践起到良好的质证效果。在我国,刑事诉讼法对脆弱证人缺乏相应规定,实践中脆弱证人质证存在无法质证、无效质证和无序质证等三无问题,理论界对脆弱证人作证制度尚缺乏系统的研究。推进以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革,完善脆弱证人庭审质证规则势在必行。