The collaborative study on typing group-specific component in casework bloodstains

Casework bloodstains were typed for group-specific component (GC) at eight forensic laboratories. Approximately 600 bloodstains were examined of which a mean of 62.7% gave results. This is comparable to other blood grouping systems in current use. Stains that were over three-months old were successfully typed in six of the laboratories. A wide variety of substrates was examined; these included many items of clothing as well as metal blades, concrete, paint, cement, glass and grass. Of substrates that were examined several times, none consistently gave problems with GC typing. The GC system has been shown, therefore, to be an effective test in operational forensic science.     

我国法庭科学实验室管理中的问题与对策

本文从管理体制和运行机制两个层面对国内外法庭科学实验室的管理工作进行了综述，深入探讨并分析了我国现有实验室管理中存在的问题，并有针对性的提出了政策建议。     

法庭科学实验室认可工作发展状况与启示

本文通过对国内外,特别是对先进国家法庭科学实验室认可工作发展变化情况的介绍,分析我国认可工作中存在的不足,并提出改进意见。     

DNA typing and forensic science

With new typing techniques forensic scientists can characterise individuals at the fundamental level of their DNA. Variation between individuals at this level can be used to discriminate between them. Why this is so and how it is achieved is described in relatively simple terms for legal and medical practitioners who have no formal training in genetics.     

中美法庭科学实验室比较研究

本文以中美权威部门发布的统计报告以及有关文献报道的数据为基础,通过比较研究,从实验室分布、规模、人力资源、工作量、专业设置、技术标准化、资金、管理体系和信息化9个方面进行深入分析,找出双方的差异和距离,为我国法庭科学实验室的发展建设提供参考依据。     

法庭科学实验室质量控制研究综述

本文对法庭科学实验室质量控制活动的历史进行了回顾性分析研究,对国内外现状进行了归纳性综述。通过国内外比较,指出了我国法庭科学实验室质量控制活动的差距与改进建议。     

The typing of group-specific component (Gc protein) in human blood stains

It is known that the typing of group-specific component (Gc protein) in human blood stains is difficult since Gc protein of the extracts of blood stains migrates more anodally to the α₁-globulin region in agar-gel immunoelectrophoresis, while Gc protein in liquid blood normally migrates to the α₂-globulin region. We have reported that the Gc protein found in the α₁-region is the result of binding of actin to Gc protein (Shinomiya, K., Kimura, H., Yoshida, K., and Shinomiya, T., J. Biochem., 92 (1982) 1163–1171, which renders it difficult to determine the Gc-phenotypes in the blood stains. On the basis of the above findings, we developed the method of phenotyping the Gc protein of human blood stains by agar-gel immunoelectrophoresis. Since the binding activity of actin to Gc protein is lost after treatment with a high concentration of guanidine HCl, the extracts of blood stains were treated with 4 M guanidine HCl to dissociate Gc protein and actin and then dialyzed to remove guanidine HCl. By this method we are able to determine the phenotypes of Gc protein in blood stains. The method we have developed is a useful tool in the forensic laboratory.     

Survey of gunshot residue analysis in forensic science laboratories

The purpose of this survey was to determine the methods of analysis being used on gunshot residue (GSR) samples in forensic science laboratories across the United States. In addition, the two general techniques of GSR analysis are compared and contrasted. Problems encountered by analysts using scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) are discussed.     

法庭科学DNASTR分型标准物质初探

本文介绍了标准物质及法医DNA标准物质的概念,并就目前法庭科学DNASTR分型技术所需要的标准物质的制备及应用做一概述,以对法医DNA标准物质的生产提供参考。     

The detection of group-specific component from urine samples

The detection of group-specific component (Gc) from serum and bloodstains has been widely used in the forensic laboratory. A recent increase in substituted or adulterated urine samples in various drug screening programs has necessitated methods to determine the donor. This paper discusses the detection of Gc from urine samples. The samples were concentrated and applied to ultrathin polyacrylamide gel and focused for 150 min. This method separates the samples into the three common phenotypes found in all human populations. A nitrocellulose membrane blotting technique was used to detect the Gc bands. Serum and urine samples were collected from each individual and were typed for Gc. Urine samples tested after 6 months of storage (4 degrees C) were still readable. This method provides the forensic laboratory with an additional test from a body fluid which, until recently, provided little information.     

47个SNPs复合检测方法的建立及其法医学应用

目的建立47-plexSNPs复合检测方法，评价其在法医学中的应用价值。方法筛选46个常染色体SNPs和1个Y—SNPs，使用2个检测体系分别对47个SNPs进行单管内复合PCR扩增，采用荧光标记单碱基延伸法和毛细管电泳检测技术进行分型检测；并用建立的方法对260份广东地区无关个体血样进行47个SNPs分型。结果建立的47-plex SNPs的复合检测体系灵敏度高，种属特异性好；260名个体所有SNPs均能准确分型，群体内基因型频率分布均符合Hardy—Weinberg平衡，累积个人识别率大于0．9999，累积非父排除率为0．99982，累积偶合率为6．24×10一。结论本文47-plex SNPs复合检测方法能同时对47个SNPs进行快速、准确的检测，在法医学个体识别鉴定中具有良好的应用前景。     

分子生物学指标用于推断机械性窒息死亡的研究进展

体表损伤轻微或无损伤的机械性窒息死亡是法医学鉴定的难点之一。由于缺少病理形态学特异性变化特征,较难与部分存在缺氧过程的其他致死原因相鉴别。近年来,将具有相关性、特异性分子生物学指标用于推断机械性窒息死亡,已成为研究热点。本文就上述专题中法医学最新研究文献进行复习综述,以期为机械性窒息死亡的研究提供新思路。     

SSCP法mtDNA分型的法医学应用

目的探讨SSCP法mtDNA分型在法医鉴定实践中的意义。方法PCR扩增mtDNAHV-I和HV-II的序列多态性片段,直接用SSCP技术分型。对70个湖北汉族真三联家系和140例随机个体进行检测,比较家系中mtDNA的单倍型SSCP图谱。统计分析SSCP法用于两个高变区在母系确定、个人识别中的意义和鉴别能力。结果在70个家系中,母亲和孩子的HV-I、HV-IISSCP带型完全相同;家系中父亲与母子的HV-I图谱不同占98.57%;HV-IISSCP图谱不同占97.13%。140例随机个体的HVI、HVII区分别检出21、16种单倍型,GD值分别为0.9556、0.9356。结论mtDNA-SSCP分型在嫌疑人筛查和母系亲缘关系推断中有实际应用价值。     

The application of immunoblotting to the phenotyping of group-specific component

A sensitive immunoblotting method for the routine detection of group-specific component (GC) from fresh serum, and from control and casework bloodstains has been developed. GC phenotypes were separated in a thin layer polyacrylamide gel by isoelectric focusing, transferred to nitrocellulose by a rapid capillary blotting procedure, and detected using a double antibody enzyme immunoassay. This method is capable of phenotyping 8 ng of GC extracted from bloodstains, a four-fold increase in sensitivity when compared to immunofixation and silverstaining. A total of 2424 casework bloodstains have been analysed and GC phenotypes identified in 78% of samples. The method is suitable for use in routine laboratories and is more sensitive than other methods for GC phenotyping of casework bloodstains.     

The balanced scorecard: Sustainable performance assessment for forensic laboratories

The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of the balanced scorecard into the laboratory management environment. The balanced scorecard is a performance measurement matrix designed to capture financial and non-financial metrics that provide insight into the critical success factors for an organization, effectively aligning organization strategy to key performance objectives. The scorecard helps organizational leaders by providing balance from two perspectives. First, it ensures an appropriate mix of performance metrics from across the organization to achieve operational excellence; thereby the balanced scorecard ensures that no single or limited group of metrics dominates the assessment process, possibly leading to long-term inferior performance. Second, the balanced scorecard helps leaders offset short term performance pressures by giving recognition and weight to long-term laboratory needs that, if not properly addressed, might jeopardize future laboratory performance.     

The Soviet systems of forensic laboratories: organization and capabilities

There are several systems of Forensic Laboratories and Institutions in the USSR. They are operated by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Public Health, the Committee of State Security, and the Ministry of Defense. Each Forensic Laboratory or Institution is divided into specialized departments and units which provide different examinations. Modern techniques and methods are applied to the examination of physical evidence. A particular attention is given to the theoretical research and development of Forensic Sciences.