The current state of gender-specific delinquency programming

Few attempts to identify “what works” in the crime prevention and offender rehabilitation research specifically address gender. The 1992 reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, however, called for new research that would improve the processing and treatment of delinquent girls. This article reviews the relevant theoretical and empirical research that both informed the new legislation and took place in response to it. This is followed by an empirical study conducted to: (1) identify gender-specific programs (GSPs), (2) determine the extent to which GSPs utilize applicable research in their design and implementation, and (3) assess the evidence of GSPs' impact on targeted outcomes. The findings from the current study suggested that, in addition to strengthening program evaluation methodology, gender-specific programs for girls need to more meaningfully incorporate relevant theories and gender-specific risk and protective factors into their curriculum.     

The identification of the emulsifier component of emulsion explosives by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

ABSTRACT: The widespread availability of emulsion explosives for commercial blasting has inevitably lead to their diversion for criminal misuse. Present techniques for the characterization of emulsion explosives and their residues is generally based on the detection and identification of the oxidizer and the hydrocarbon components. Use of these components is problematic for residue identification because ammonium nitrate, waxes, and oils are relatively common in the urban environment and even their co-detection does not exclude them being sourced from materials other than explosives. The detection of the emulsifier component offers increased evidential value as certain emulsifiers used in explosive formulations are manufactured for that specific use, or have limited environmental distribution. In the current study liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was utilized for the characterization of two emulsifiers in common use; ethanolamine adducts of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride and sorbitol mono-oleate (SMO). The LC-MS technique enabled the detection of both emulsifiers in preblast samples; however, only SMO was detected in postblast residues. The analysis of the hydrocarbon component by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was achieved in the same procedure.     

论公共危机与紧急状态的疆界

近年来,随着经济社会的发展和改革的深入,各种社会矛盾逐渐呈现在人们面前,与此同时,各种自然灾害也时有发生。在这种背景下,国家加快了《紧急状态法》的立法进程。作者以为,要取得理想的立法效果,首先就必须正确界定公共危机和紧急状态的疆界,而这正是我们目前所欠缺的。本文正是以此为出发点在分别界定了公共危机和紧急状态的内涵后,从五个方面对公共危机和紧急状态的疆界作一划分。     

Asian gangs in the United States: The current state of the research literature

Since the late 1980s, criminologists have been interestedin analyzing Asian gangs. Despite the rather sharp increasein books and articles published on the subject in the1990s, there appears to exist no consensus on the nature and etiologyof Asian gangs. This paper describes the current state ofresearch on Asian gangs and assesses whether or not thereis a dominant criminological theory on their cause. Itcompares and contrasts African American and Asian gangs,and closes with research and policy recommendations.     

Studies of dentition abnormalities in children of the Republic of Armenia for the purpose of personality identification

This paper reports the results of investigations carried out to elucidate the frequency and the structure of various forms of abnormalities of dentition among the children of the preschool and school age in the Republic of Armenia. These data may be of help for the forensic medical personality identification especially for the expertise of unrecognized corpses. Moreover, these data provide an indirect picture of the prevalence of abnormalities of dentition among the adult population of the country. Specifically they may sometimes be used to identify the ethnic and/or racial background of a person.     

机械性窒息死亡案例中的舌骨骨折研究近况

一、概况 用手扼压颈部,用带子勒颈或直接用钝器压迫颈部均可致机械性窒息性死亡.除了1993年Gonzales发表过此类论文及研究过此类与法律有关的死亡方式外,在法医病理学或人类学中很少有涉及此类的论著.尽管诸多尸体现象可以确证机械性窒息死亡的诊断,但舌骨骨折在法医学实践中却有非常重要的意义.     

机械性窒息死亡案例中的舌骨骨折研究近况

一、概况用手扼压颈部 ,用带子勒颈或直接用钝器压迫颈部均可致机械性窒息性死亡。除了 1 993年Ｇｏｎｚａｌｅｓ发表过此类论文及研究过此类与法律有关的死亡方式外 ,在法医病理学或人类学中很少有涉及此类的论著。尽管诸多尸体现象可以确证机械性窒息死亡的诊断 ,但舌骨骨折在法医学实践中却有非常重要的意义。二、舌骨骨折在机械性窒息案例中的情况舌骨呈Ｕ形 ,位于颈前喉上方 ,在颈部肌群和舌之间起重要连接作用。舌骨前端向后突出连结茎突 ,随着年龄的增长 ,茎突骨化。舌骨被分成几部分。后面的部分形成舌骨大角 ,与舌骨体相连续 ,舌骨…     

Use of the MMPI-2 and the Inwald personality inventory to identify the personality characteristics of dropouts from a state police academy

The MMPI-2 and the Inwald Personality Inventory were employed to investigate the personality characteristics of dropouts from a state police academy. A traditional model of training borrowed from military models was used at the academy rather than a police generated model. Sensitive and independent individuals, more compatible with modern community policing methods may have rejected police work as a result of the experience. 15 academy completers and 9 dropouts were used in the sample. Analyses of the scales of the MMPI-2 and the Inwald Personality Inventory identified variables upon which the two groups differed. The hypothesis that more sensitive, empathic and independent individuals were leaving the academy appeared to be supported.     

附录一：美国麻省州紧急情况应对委员会

根据1997年2月27日通过、1998年12月17日修订过的地方法规定，设立州紧急情况应对委员会（SERC）的目的和授权依据，是1986年的超级基金修正案及再授权法的第三款以及“应急规划和社区知情权法”中所列明的。其职责如下：     

美国麻省州紧急情况应对委员会

根据1997年2月27日通过、1998年12月17日修订过的地方法规定,设立州紧急情况应对委员会(SERC)的目的和授权依据,是1986年的超级基金修正案及再授权法的第三款以及“应急规划和社区知情权法”中所列明的。其职责如下:协调超级基金修正案及再授权法第三款中规定的培训、教育、技术指导和向基层提供服务。划分各地的紧急情况应对责任区,指定并协调地方的紧急规划委员会并评审其应急规划。建立接收和处理紧急情况报告和其他信息,如监控设施的存货情况材料等的机构和处理程序,回应政府机构和公众对于信息的索取要求。为此,应指定一个官员从事信…     

中国紧急状态法的立法状况及特征

本文侧重对我国目前紧急状态法的立法现状、内容和特征进行了比较全面地分析 ,并在结合国外法治国家紧急状态法律制度建设的经验基础之上 ,提出要统一我国的紧急状态法律制度 ,特别是应当制定统一的紧急状态法来代替目前分散立法的状况 ,此外 ,还应当建立统一的应急机构来保证政府在紧急状态时期能够依法行使行政紧急权力 ,防止公民的宪法和法律权利因为实施紧急状态而受到政府紧急权力不必要的侵犯。     

State hazardous waste programs; procedures for revision of state RCRA programs--EPA. Proposed rule

EPA is today proposing to amend its requirements under 40 CFR 271.21(e) (formerly Section 123.13(e)) for the approval and revision of authorized state hazardous waste programs. One purpose is to ensure that states applying for final authorization under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended, (RCRA) do not have to revise their programs and applications to respond to federal regulatory changes occurring while the states' applications are being prepared or processed. The second purpose is to provide all authorized states with one full year (or two years, if there is a need for state legislative action) from the effective date of amended federal regulations to make the revisions in their programs required by such federal amendments. This action would provide the state with an additional six months since the existing regulation requires that program revisions be made within one year (or two years) after the promulgation of amended federal regulations.     

The cartography of responses to state crime: understanding the linkages among state abuses/crimes/deviance/harms/illegalities/wrongs,resistance/control,and state organizational reactions

Although a considerable amount of thoughtful scholarly research on state crime has been conducted and published, researchers have failed to assemble a comprehensive model of the process and reactions that begin after state crime has occurred and been detected. This article outlines a heuristic model that presents the major political actors that participate in this process and the relationships that can develop among them. In order to create the model, research that has been conducted on state crime is reviewed and integrated, difficulties with this work are analyzed, and recommendations about future research that can be conducted using the model are made.     

An algorithm of computerized processing of molecular-genetic data for personality identification based on the outcome of events involving numerous victims

Computerized systems of data processing are a high-efficiency tool for the storage and processing of big volumes of molecular genetic data as well as for the forensic medical identification of personality in events involving enormous unidentified bodies coming from zones of calamity or natural disaster. Described in the paper is a sequence of actions undertaken by the expert when the DNAdacto and mDNAbase soft tools are in use. The algorithm of computer-based expert analysis of typing of chromosome and mitochondrial DNA was tested at the 124th Central laboratory of medical-criminal identification of Russia's defense ministry; it was proven to be highly effective for identification made in events with numerous unidentified bodies.     

Problems in organization of medical criminological registration and personality identification for subjects occupationally exposed to life risk

The paper discusses problems in organization of identification studies under conditions of mass deaths as exemplified by forensic medical records of medical criminological identification studies of subjects killed during war conflict in Chechnya. The evolution of the organization model of identification studies is shown transformation of organization philosophy, formation of expert algorithms, formalization and technologic realization of expert solutions.     

行政效益之行政人格维度

行政效益是衡量行政机关和行政人员行政管理活动效果的重要标准,行政效益的提高是理论界和实践中共同关注的议题。在影响行政效益的诸多因素中,行政人格是不容忽视的因素之一。现代行政人格的完善与理想行政人格的建构是提高行政效益的重要途径之一。本文以动态意义和静态意义上的行政人格为立足点,探讨行政人格对行政效益的影响。