Constitutional Judicial Review in the Russian Federation

The institution of constitutional judicial review has acquired a new legal foundation for its application: the Constitution of the Russian Federation (RF), adopted on 12 December 1993; the federal constitutional Law on the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 21 June 1994; and other acts. However, the opportunities for full implementation of this new legislation on constitutional judicial review in the Russian Federation are constrained by problems from the past: first of all, by the problem of depoliticization, which has assumed exaggerated proportions as a result of the lack of practical success that marked the first stage of the Constitutional Court's operation in Russia. The resolution of this problem has become a condition for the viability of specialized constitutional judicial review in the RF. The difficulty of understanding and mastering this problem is further aggravated by the ambiguous nature of the institution of constitutional judicial review, not only in the Russian model but also in the classical model of its organization. For it is indisputable that constitutional judicial review is a component of the mechanism of judicial authority, regardless of where it is situated in the constitutional structure of power. However, constitutional judicial review cannot be wholly equated with traditional judicial functions since it is at the same time also a political activity undertaken through a jurisdictional form.     

The illegal trade of raptors in the Russian Federation

Wildlife trafficking, along with other green crimes, receives little attention from the criminological community. This study provides further knowledge of this black market, and exposes the structural harms that are associated with it, by examining the illegal trade in falcons in Russian Far East. The structural harms proposed here are that wildlife trafficking, and the illegal raptor trade in particular endangers the environment, is cruel to animals, and threatens national and human security because of its connection to other dangerous illicit activities. Through semi‐structured interviews, trade statistics, and online news sources, a framework is developed as to who is involved, how it is occurring, and where it is taking place as well as possible ways in which to curb this activity.     

俄罗斯联邦反恐怖主义法

本联邦法律规定反恐怖主义的基本原则、恐怖主义的预防及反恐怖主义的法律和组织基础、减少和(或)消除恐怖主义表现的后果及在反恐怖斗争中运用俄罗斯联邦武装力量的法律和组织原则。     

论俄罗斯联邦检察院在俄罗斯生态法实施中的监督功能

建立完善、有力的生态法律监督机制,是保障生态法律实施的重要条件.俄罗斯自独立以来,在法律监督方面不仅继承了前苏联的先进做法,而且根据国情又不断地加以创新.俄罗斯联邦检察院作为俄罗斯法律监督的主要国家机关,在俄罗斯生态法实施中所起到监督作用是全面的、深入的.通过对俄罗斯联邦检察院进行生态法实施监督的法律依据,监督的具体领域,专门的自然保护检察院在俄罗斯生态法实施中的作用,以及俄罗斯联邦检察院对生态法实施进行监督的方式做了具体分析,阐述了俄罗斯联邦检察院在俄罗斯生态法实施中的监督功能.     

《俄罗斯联邦检察院组织法》

第1条俄罗斯联邦检察院。1、俄罗斯联邦检察院是联邦统一集中的机关体系。它以俄罗斯联邦的名义在联邦的领域内对遵守联邦宪法和执行联邦现行法律实施监督。     

俄罗斯联邦检察院组织法

第一编总则 第一条俄罗斯联邦检察院 1．俄罗斯联邦检察院——是统一性联邦中央集权机构系统,以俄罗斯联邦名义对俄罗斯联邦领域内现行法律执行状况及俄罗斯联邦宪法遵守情况进行法律监督。     

《俄罗斯联邦检察院组织法》（续）

(接上期 )第 40 - 5条　职务任免权限1、俄罗斯联邦总检察长任免下列人员职务 :A、俄罗斯联邦总检察院的总局和局的局长和副局长、处长和副处长 ;总检察长的顾问 ,高级助理和特别委托高级助理、助理和特别委托助理 ;第一副总检察长和副总检察长的特别委托助理 ;总局、局和处的高级检察员和检察员、高级刑事检察员和刑事检察员 ;特别重大案件高级侦查员和侦查员及其助理。其他职务工作人员由俄罗斯联邦副总检察长任命。B、俄罗斯联邦主体检察长及与其同级检察长 ,依据本联邦法第 13条第 1款之规定程序任命。C、俄罗斯联邦主体的副检察长及…     

The Code Of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation

The new Code of Civil Procedure of the RSFSR, adopted on June 11, 1964 by the Third Session of the Sixth RSFSR Supreme Soviet, will go into effect as of October 1, 1964.     

俄罗斯民事诉讼法典的修改

2003年2月1日俄罗斯开始施行新的民事诉讼法典即<俄罗斯联邦民事诉讼法典>.这部新法典新在何处,对原来的<苏俄民事诉讼法典>做了哪些修改,对我国立法有何可资借鉴之处,本文就这些问题进行探讨.     

Russian Federation: Battle not over in drug-law changes

As reported in the last issue of the Review, in late 2003 the Russian Parliament amended the national drug law to allow for the possibility of less harsh penalties for small-scale drug users. The Parliament left the development of accompanying regulations to the federal drug-control authorities and the Ministry of Health. These two entities were meant to recommend new levels of minimum dosages that would qualify users for criminal penalties if those amounts were found in their possession. Rather than acting in the spirit of the Parliament's amendment, in March 2004 the drug-control authorities circulated a proposal for minimum dosages so tiny that virtually any level of possession would incur a long prison sentence.     

俄罗斯联邦抵押制度的立法与争论

本文主要考察了俄罗斯联邦抵押制度的立法与理论争议,相对于大陆法系其他国家的抵押制度而言,俄罗斯的抵押制度具有自己的特色,一方面延续了该国抵押制度的传统立法,另一方面又有所创新和突破。这种立法方式与该国的国情相适应。这些成功的立法经验值得我们学习与借鉴。     

俄罗斯联邦私人土地权利法律制度研究

1991年颁布、2001年修订的《俄罗斯联邦土地法典》确认了俄罗斯公民和法人的私人土地所有权,并要求改革初期所形成的土地长期使用权及可继承终身占有制度迅速转化为土地所有权,从而彻底实现土地的私有化。俄罗斯土地权利制度的演进对我国土地立法有重要的启示。     

International Law in the Courts of the Russian Federation: Practice of Application

This paper analyses the practice of the Courts of the RussianFederation in applying the rules of International Law in theperiod following acceptance of the Constitution of the RussianFederation (1993). The present constitution and the new federallegislation regulate the relevance of International and RussianLaw much differently than they did before. Accordingly, judiciarypractice is developing in a new way. Despite the massive bodyof laws and regulations, there are no precise reference pointsand answers in the legislation to practically important questionsof correct application of the international treaties and generallyrecognized rules. This is one of the reasons why judiciary practiceis developing inconsistently, and the application of InternationalLaw is often incorrect or even wrong. Not all of the internationalnorms are applicable, and not all of the treaties have priorityover laws. There are certain legal conditions for the applicationof international treaties, conditions for when they prevailover laws, and also there is a procedure of application whichshould be observed by Courts trying particular cases. Althoughone can speak of many contradictions, it is wise to take noteof the tendency in judiciary practice to co-ordinated applicationof international and Russian law.     

The Russian Federation Needs a New Criminal Code

The 1996 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation [CC RF] is very incomplete, as is particularly evident in many of its statutes. For instance, Article 2, Part 1, in defining the purpose of the code, cites the social values safeguarded by criminal law in a sequence corresponding to their relative importance in the Constitution of the Russian Federation: human rights and freedoms, property, public order, public safety, the environment, and the constitutional order of the Russian Federation.     

Status and prospects of developing the Forensic Medical Service in the Russian Federation

Forensic medical service is constantly updated, which is confirmed by introduction of new modern methods, such as detection of blood or semen with test strips, new modifications of methods for handling bone material, differentiation of blood of the same group within ABO system, identification of blood groups in mixed stains of blood of humans and some animals, use of gel plates, etc. Methodological and information letters have been issued and field seminars are regularly carried for upgrading expert biologists. The overwhelming majority of expert biologists have received specialized education and topical upgrading.     

探索中的俄罗斯联邦知识产权法院

俄罗斯联邦知识产权法院是司法改革的产物。俄罗斯国家转型以来,特别是加入WTO以后,为加强对知识产权的司法保护力度,对全国司法体系特别是仲裁法院系统进行了一系列的变革,知识产权法院正是在这样的历史背景下应运而生。作为俄罗斯仲裁法院系统内设置的审理知识产权案件的专门法院,俄罗斯联邦知识产权法院的设立与运行标志着俄罗斯在知识产权司法保护方面进入了一个全新的时代。了解俄罗斯联邦知识产权法院设立的历史背景、组织架构、审判职能、管辖范围及其在俄罗斯法院体系中的地位,加强中俄双方在知识产权司法保护方面的交流与合作,对于我国法学研究和司法实践具有现实价值和借鉴意义。     

The status of the forensic biological service in the Russian Federation in 1997]

The main parameters of the activities of forensic biological departments are analyzed for the year 1997. The staff, number of experts, number of expert evaluations and objects of examination, and work load per staff expert are presented. Shortcomings in the activities of departments are enumerated and recommendations for improving the quality of expert evaluations are offered.