基于信息不对称的政策执行分析

政策执行问题一直困扰着政策制定者,在影响政策执行的众多因素中,信息不对称无疑是不可忽视的因素之一,它通常干扰着政策的顺利执行,对这种干扰的认识将有助于我们提前采取若干措施来抑制信息不对称产生的种种不利影响.     

“全响应”政府回应机制：基于北京市12345市民服务热线“接诉即办”的经验分析

委托者与代理者之间的"信息不对称"是阻碍政策执行以及政府有效回应社会的重要因素。北京市12345市民服务热线自2019年正式运行以来,有效提升了全市范围内各级政府的回应能力。12345市民服务热线构建了信息发现机制、信息下达机制、信息上传机制、压力感知机制,在四个机制同时发挥作用的情况下,政府对市民诉求实现了近乎"全响应"的回应效果。其中的关键原因在于热线联动社会力量,在行政执行系统外部搭建信息循环机制,形成"政策执行靠内部、信息发现和回馈两端靠社会"的信息闭环机制,有效地破解了委托者与代理者之间的信息不对称难题。     

基于信息不对称的政策决策分析

人们的认知能力、权力配置和决策信息机制等因素对信息分布产生影响.在决策过程中常见的信息不对称包括决策者与一般公众之问的信息不对称、决策者之间的信息不对称以及与政策主客体相关的信息不对称.我国目前的权力配置和决策信息机制强化了决策中的信息不对称.信息不对称不仅影响了决策成本、质量、公正性和复杂程度.而且还对决策者的决策动机、心理产生影响,并强化了决策参与者之间的博弈行为,增加了决策中的道德风险.     

确定性和不确定性:贫困户精准识别“回头看”——基于江西省Y镇的考察

贫困户精准识别"回头看"政策具有双重属性:目标的确定性和效果的不确定性。目标是确定的,将未实现"两不愁三保障"的农户纳入建档立卡贫困户;而政策执行的结果是不确定的,人力、物力、财力、信息、权威等扶贫资源在政策内外在因素之间的配置影响着执行结果。短期来看,有限的扶贫资源投入到政策内在因素中,能够最大限度地提高政策结果的确定性。而长期来看,充足的扶贫资源投入到外在因素中是实现精准识别的关键。     

公共政策执行的风险与对策

公共政策执行过程中存在着多种风险因素 ,如政策合法化程度、政治目标的弹性限度、政策执行信息的非完备性、政策执行者的利益倾向性和目标团体的影响力 ,等等。针对公共政策执行过程中所存在的种种风险因素 ,必须采取相应的对策措施 ,提升政策合法化程度、加强对公共政策执行的监督、强化政治社会化功能 ,从而增强政策执行的风险意识 ,降低政策执行风险 ,提高政策执行效率。     

浅谈完善我国公共政策评估主体体系

公共政策评估是政策过程的重要组成部分,对于改进政策系统和提升政策执行能力具有重要意义.而政策评估主体作为政策评估活动的核心,对评估结果具有主导作用.当前我国公共政策评估主体体系存在着主体单一、独立性不足及信息不对称等问题,要坚持评估主体的多元性和独立性原则,建立多元立体的政策评估主体体系,拓宽政策评估主体参与的渠道,不断提升我国公共政策评估的科学化和民主化水平.     

公共政策的信息约束问题分析

信息是决策的基础 ,我国公共政策的设计、制定、执行、评估和反馈过程中均存在着信息约束问题 ,本文探讨了公共政策中的信息不完备、信息不对称、信息失真问题 ,旨在提高政府公共政策制定的效率。     

影响我国现阶段政策有效执行的原因及其对策

我国政策执行过程中，在相当程度上还存在着诸如政策执行者、制度、环境等因素影响政策的有效执行，这些因素不仅影响政策目标的顺利实现，而且还可能导致政府权威流失，危及政策的合法性和政权的巩固。本文着重从影响我国现阶段政策有效执行的主要因素入手，进而探讨提高政策执行有效性的对策：塑造政策执行的能动主体，营造政策执行的有效环境，构建政策执行的制度结构，突破政策执行中无效路径的依赖，以期能够对我国现阶段政策执行效率的提高有所助益。     

公共政策中的不和谐因素探析

在现实中,公共政策在制定、实施等过程中都或多或少地存在着诸多不和谐因素,程度不同地影响了其实施效果.主要表现为:公共政策价值的不和谐,即效率与公平两种价值之间的冲突;公共政策过程的不和谐,即政策制定与政策执行两个环节的断裂;公共政策理性的不和谐,即工具理性与价值理性两种理性之间的对立;公共政策信息的不和谐,即公共政策信息的政府垄断、单向传播及流通不畅.     

公共政策过程中信息不对称成因的分析

公共政策过程不仅主体和客体组成复杂,而且是在一定的制度、规则及特定的场景下展开,并在信息不对称的框架下发生的。因此政策过程能否最终体现公平、公正不仅受到政治、社会、心理等因素制约,更受到信息因素的制约。借助信息经济学理论对公共政策过程中的信息不对称成因进行分析和探讨是一件极具现实意义的研究。     

Asymmetry and Corrective Public Policy in Contests

The proposal of an inefficient policyusually stimulates a political strugglebetween the affected interest groups. Theresulting wasteful lobbying activities mayreduce welfare, even if the proposed policyis not approved. In this paper weshow that sufficient asymmetry in payoffsnot only tends to reduce lobbying effortsin standard rent-seeking contests, as iswell known, but it is, in fact, a necessarycondition for the implementation of asuccessful effective correctivetax-transfer policy that complements theproposal of the inefficient policy. Such apolicy induces an efficient equilibriumoutcome which is, in addition, optimal fromthe viewpoint of the players that take partin the public-policy game.     

数字竞赛与双重博弈:对易地扶贫搬迁政策执行偏差的一种解释

基层政策执行会出现偏差已经成为学界的共识,但是对于此问题的分析机制并不明晰,多数研究均是从单一视角予以阐释。通过深入考察易地搬迁中“拆旧复垦”政策的具体执行过程,从自上而下与自下而上相互融合视角入手,讨论“拆旧复垦”政策如何在不同利益主体的互构下发生了转变,为何完美的指标数据与文字背后却发现政策执行陷入模糊或搁置状态。从案例解构结果来看,在发展导向的逻辑下,基层政府通过主动加码寻求搬迁规模最大化以谋求在“数字竞赛”中胜出;在压力型体制的上下博弈中,基层政府采取拼凑应对的模糊执行策略以有效应对自上而下的政绩考核;在不完全信息状态的混合博弈中,政策受众在理性计算之下与基层政府形成了“合谋的沉默”。文章的贡献在于,对基层政策执行偏差的解释没有囿于讨论科层结构的弊端,而是从政策设计本身以及不同利益主体互构的视角出发解读其内在逻辑。     

Realizing the Promise: Government Information Systems and the Fourth Generation of Information Technology

Interoperability is more than “digital plumbing”—making sure that computers talk so that bits of data flow properly. Fundamentally, interoperability is people talking and sharing information. Sharing information reduces the “paperwork burden”on the citizen, streamlines work processes, and enriches the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of policy. Building on prior theory and research, this research has developed empirically derived, practical findings and recommendations to support thedevelopment of appropriate interoperable systems.     

Factors influencing state progress in the implementation of Public Law 99-457, Part H

Policy implementation has been an infrequently studied process although it has become increasingly evident that the implementation processes of policy development, policy approval, and policy application can shape and delay prospective implementation of legislation. The current study analyzes the implementation of P.L. 99–457 (Part H) the Education for the Handicapped Amendments of 1986. This law provides the states with planning money from the federal government to design a comprehensive interagency, multidisciplinary program of services for children with handicapping conditions and their families. Ratings were taken from key administrators and citizens knowledgeable about the law on state progress in implementing the fourteen requirements of the law and also on proposed influential conditions that might affect that implementation. Additional demographic information was obtained for the fifty states. The factor that seemed to be most influential in a subset of 35 states was the prior presence in the state of systems for interagency planning and development. Neither prior history of early childhood services, available resources, wealth of the state, or geographic region appeared to have a significant influence on policy development. There was some indication that different factors might become influential in the next phase of implementation, policy approval. It appears that progress in state policy development may be linked to the special requirements of the legislation itself and to prior availability of institutional structures that make mandated collaborative efforts more possible.     

Implementing Change in an Urban School District: A Case Study of the Reorganization of the Little Rock School District

In July 2005, the Little Rock, Arkansas, school district implemented a new policy to reorganize its management structure in order to create a more efficient bureaucracy. Using Richard Matland’s ambiguity‐conflict model of policy implementation, the authors examine the implementation of this school reorganization policy. Interviews and surveys were conducted with the superintendent and his executive assistants, school principals, teachers, and staff. In line with Matland’s model, the findings suggest that successful implementation is directly related to the policy characteristics of ambiguity and conflict. However, the authors point to the importance of recognizing particular characteristics for different groups of stakeholders within the policy implementation process. Discrepancies among groups of policy actors in the degree of policy ambiguity and policy conflict lead to strikingly different implementation strategies.     

The Kansas Financial Information System (KFIS): Policy Design and Policy Failure

States are reported to have spent large sums of money on information resources management in financial year (FY) 1989. Of concern to several authors is the fact that most states have not attempted to integrate their accounting and budgeting systems. Calls for integrating accounting, budgeting, and personnel systems frequently fail to take into account the design problems associated with such tasks. This article uses a case study of the Kansas Financial Information System (KFIS) to highlight the importance of policy design to successful policy implementation. The results support the theory that design is an integral part of decision making and policy development. Policy design is an important determinant of implementation outcomes.     

Implementing Change on the Front Lines: A Management Case Study of West Feliciana Parish Hospital

In the policy implementation field, theorists are challenged to develop stepwise frameworks that facilitate the implementation of public policy. This case studies the implementation of a Medicare charity care policy in a small rural hospital using the top-down implementation framework. It offers an overview of top-down implementation theory and a discussion of top-down research findings as they relate to the real implementation experiences of hospital administrators. The case presents six recommendations for the effective implementation of a new policy on the front lines.     

Divided Government and the Fragmentation of American Law

We investigate institutional explanations for Congress's choice to fragment statutory frameworks for policy implementation. We argue that divided party government, which fuels legislative‐executive conflict over control of the bureaucracy, motivates Congress to fragment implementation power as a strategy to enhance its control over implementation. We develop a novel measure of fragmentation in policy implementation, collect data on it over the period 1947–2008, and test hypotheses linking separation‐of‐powers structures to legislative design of fragmented implementation power. We find that divided party government is powerfully associated with fragmentation in policy implementation, and that this association contributed to the long‐run growth of fragmentation in the postwar United States. We further find that legislative coalitions are more likely to fragment implementation power in the face of greater uncertainty about remaining in the majority.     

Corporatism, Administrative Regimes and the Mis-management of Public Funds

Danish democracy has strong corporatist characteristics. The implication is that interest organizations are integrated in both policy-making and policy implementation. This article deals with policy implementation. A distinction between different administrative regimes is developed. The proposition advanced here is that variations with respect to the involvement of interest organizations in administrative execution of public policy have consequences for administrative behavior. A number of scandals revealed during recent years concerning the management of public funds provide the basis of the empirical analysis. The conclusion is that with increased involvement of interest organizations in the administrative implementation of policy, legal norms are superseded by political norms, while the traditional institutions of administrative accountability are weakened.