美国法的"刑"与"非刑"

从理论研究以及司法实践的角度来看,"刑"与"非刑"之间的区别都显得十分重要,随着时代的不断发展,包括美国法在内的很多法律体系当中都出现了"刑法民法化"以及"民法刑罚化"这样的两种并行趋势,从而使得原本尚属明晰的"刑"与"非刑"之间的区隔变得愈发模糊.美国法"刑"与"非刑"关系传统界别往往关注二者之间责任类型的不同归属、行为性质的不同认定、立法目的的不同设定、救济模式的不同特质以及救济程序的不同厘定.本文通过对美国法"刑"与"非刑"二元分野合理性的反思与追问,着力对于美国法"刑"与"非刑"关系之间的模糊地带,特别是所谓的"惩罚性民事制裁"问题加以深入研究,继而从一个更为深入的层面对这一问题加以明晰.     

判例法在中国的"可行"与"缓行"

判例法能弥补成文法之缺陷这一功用为我国引进判例法在理论上提供了可能性;司法解释自身的不足为我国引进判例法提供了现实上的可能性.但就我国现实来讲,阻碍它实行的因素也很多,与之配套的改革和社会心理的调整是必需的.因此判例法虽能实行,但不能"急行",只能"缓行",即只能以审慎的态度稳健地、循序渐进地、在不断地调试中推行.     

“偏”和“偏偏”的情态类型及主观性差异

虽然"偏"和"偏偏"在用法上有交叉和重合,但二者仍有彼此对立的语义内涵."偏"指向句子主语,说明主语的意志与潜在行为与语境中的预期相反."偏偏"指向说话人,说明客观事实与说话人预期相反,从而表达说话人的不满或意外."偏"和"偏偏"核心语义的不同决定了二者情态类型的差异,"偏"属于动力情态,"偏偏"属于评价情态.从主观性上看,"偏偏"的主观性比"偏"更强.情态和主观性的视角使得对"偏"和"偏偏"差异的认识进一步深化.     

民法上的人

一　作为权利主体的自然人如果要问德国民法典的总则编规定了些什么问题 ,法学家们首先会笨嘴拙舌地描述出一幅这样的图画 :总则编要规定那些“提取公因式”的法律问题。然而 ,这个问题的正确回答应当是 ,总则编规定了对民法典其他各种权利发挥统帅作用的那些最上位的概念。这些概念在民法典中即是 :(1 )人、(2 )物、(3 )法律行为。我们可以借助于民法学中最高位的概念“私法自治”原则所表达的意思 ,清楚地看出立法者在民法学这三个基本概念的排列顺序中所表达的法律政策意义。立法者在总则编中规定的这三个基本概念 ,首先就是“人”的理论…     

"Insanity" in civil law

The issue of "insanity" is rarely alluded to in the area of civil law. As a consequence, the legal standard for insanity is not clearly understood by many psychiatrists. The standard derives from case law and is based upon statutory law in the criminal sector. A civil case will be presented where the question of "insanity" was raised. In this case an individual committed suicide and his insurance company refused to pay the beneficiaries of his life insurance policy based upon a provision in his policy that excluded payment in situations of suicide. His beneficiaries sued, claiming that the deceased was insane at the time of his suicide and therefore not responsible for his actions. The standard for insanity in New Jersey and the reasoning of the psychiatrists will be presented.     

"国"字头,难再傍

"国酒茅台",模糊记忆里,这个词还是从爷爷那听来,爬满岁月痕迹的面孔上溢着尊崇和向往,分不清楚那种感情所寄托的是醇醇酒香,还是堂堂酒号.见到"国酒茅台"真身,依然在爷爷的饭桌上,坐在一旁,看着这个平日粗犷的老人轻啄一口的小心翼翼,看着这个酒量深不可测的人一盏酒后的满面红光,倏然明白,醉了这位古稀老人的是"国酒"却不是那53°酒精含量的玉液琼浆.     

“商标近似”司法鉴定中的“技术边缘性”分析

我国司法部2000年1月1日实施的《司法鉴定执业分类规定(试行)》的规定,将知识产权诉讼中的技术争议问题纳入了知识产权司法鉴定的范畴。而“商标近似”的认定既是一个法律问题,也包含并符合了作为一个知识产权争议所需求的司法鉴定的内涵;其既是一个技术性问题,也是一个含“有非技术性介入”的技术边缘性的问题。因此,对“商标近似”的司法鉴定的特殊性,必然要求我们探讨鉴定的方法及路径所具有的特殊形式和内容。     

"Life expectancy" of "ecstasy" tablets in Israel in the years 2001-2003

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) tablets known as "ecstasy" became a very popular drug amongst Israeli youth in the last decade. The ecstasy tablets have a simple design impressed on them (logos) making it relatively easy to distinguish between various logos. The life expectancy of ecstasy tablet logos, defined as the period between the first seizure by the police of a certain logo until the last seizure of the same logo, was monitored during the years 2001-2003. During this time interval, 58 different tablet logos were seized. A total of 26 logos, defined as common logos with at least 10 independent seizures, were observed. At any given time interval during this period, 8-10 common logos were found with an average life expectancy of approximately 9 months. Five of the observed 26 common logos were defined as the most common logos that appeared in at least 200 independent seizures each. Plots of the number of seizures and number of tablets seized as a function of time are presented and discussed as well as explanations for the high turnover rate of any given logo.     

法学视野中"人民币"改称"中元"的必要性论析

在近年的"两会"上,部分政协委员分析了"人民币"名称的缺陷并提出将"人民币"改称为"中元"的合理性.但他们多是从经济学的角度或只是感性地提出这一问题,从法律角度比较系统地探讨这一问题的还不多见.从民法、商法、经济法、法经济学、法人类学等视角审视了"人民币"改称"中元"的必要性和意义,并得出初步的结论.     

以“双元价值”为基点论刑事诉讼中的“适度平衡”

刑事诉讼中存在公正与效率;打击犯罪与保障人权;程序公正与实体公正等两两配对的双元法律价值,双元法律价值在刑事诉讼中并不总是平行的、对等、和谐;二者之间存在一种此消彼长,互相排斥的关系。在刑事诉讼中必须以适度平衡来调节双元法律价值,以避免一种价值过重压倒另一种价值。适度平衡允许在刑事诉讼中双元法律价值沿不均衡的轨道运行,一种价值在特定时期可以高于另一种价值,这有利于刑事诉讼实质公平和形式公平的实现。本文论述了适度平衡的必要性,适度平衡内容、适度平衡的价值及其在实践中如何运用。     

"Gray Zone" in the Economy

I do not believe that the banking sphere in Russia is seriously criminalized. Accusations of this sort are constantly being made against banks by Russias press (which is prone to see criminalization in every instance). They speculate about the criminal origin of a considerable proportion of bank capital in Russia, citing different figures (as a rule, several dozen percent). These allegations, however, are rather doubtful. One can hardly imagine that proper "criminal groups," which obtained their money by racketeering, robbery, and so forth, might not only have billions of dollars at their disposal but also take the risk of utting them in banking, a sphere kept under the closest control by the authorities (the origin of a banks own capital, unlike the money in its accounts, can be effectively traced through rather elaborate procedures).     

论WTO“公共道德例外”条款下之“域外管辖”

有关WTO"公共道德例外"条款下"域外管辖"问题的争议由来已久,并伴随着域外管辖措施在实践中的广泛应用而益发激烈。对此,DSB欠缺有效的回应,依据《维也纳条约法公约》规定的解释方法亦无法获知准确答案,文末依据国际法上对于四大管辖权原则的具体设置推知:对于侵犯基本人权等有违公共道德的行为,各国方可行使域外管辖权。     

Psychiatric testimony in "cult" litigation

Changes in political or religious beliefs among POWs and hostages have often been attributed to "brainwashing" or "coercive persuasion." The cases reported have usually involved people held involuntarily. Since the publication of DSM-III, the authors have noted frequent usage of the term "atypical dissociative disorder" in civil lawsuits by plaintiffs seeking damages from groups or cults they joined voluntarily. The effects of "psychological captivity" are claimed to be comparable to the effects of involuntary participation in instances of kidnapping or being taken prisoner. The authors suggest that voluntary and involuntary activities are fundamentally dissimilar and that the use of DSM-III is problematic in these cases.     

权利在民法典中的"虚化"

权利在民法典中的"虚化"并不旨在降低权利在民法典的核心地位,而是从形式上来分析,过去权利是一维的、平面的,而现在权利是多维的、立体的,从其他维度观察时,可能就"虚化"了权利和民法典的关系.首先,对权利的保护应更多从权利与权力这一对范畴来研究.其次,由"强有力的智者"到"弱而愚的人"决定了对权利的区别对待,由单行法调整需区别对待的权利.再次,新理性主义阶段,法典(立法者)与判例(法官)的沟通必将十分重要,同时期也是程序法实体法并重阶段,应更多关注权利实现和救济的程序.最后,权利恰恰是嵌入在社会大格局之中的,社会的和谐发展是必由之路.     

传统中国法“例”说

在传统中国法中,"例"作为一种法律现象,对基本法律形式起变通、补强的作用。例既可从形式意义的角度划分为原生例和派生例,又可从实质意义的角度界定。研究传统中国法各种"例",有助于认识传统中国法"诸法并存"的事实,也有助于理解当今中国法存在的问题。     

刑法中“其他”及“等”略考

刑法条文是以语言为载体来表达一定立法意图的.因而,刑法用语对于理解刑法条文之规定具有重要意义.但是,刑法中大量的"其他"与"等"这些不确定内容词语的使用造成了刑法的确定性下降,对罪刑法定原则构成了威胁.本文以详细的统计数字为基础,考察了刑法中"其他"与"等"的使用情况、存在的问题;并对减少"其他"与"等"的使用、"其他"与"等"的解释权作了探讨.