Introduction: Brain drain in East Asia

Editor’s Note: In the first issue ofStudies in Comparative International Development under my editorship, I indicated that special issues would be published from time to time. The first of these was volume 25 (spring) 1990, number 1, “On Measuring Democracy,” with Alex Inkeles as guest editor. We present a somewhat different grouping of articles in this issue, edited by Parris Chang. “Brain Drain in East Asia” considers this important contemporary developmental issue along the lines indicated in his introduction, Other thematic topics or groupings of articles are also being considered for future issues of SCID.     

Enter the dragon: China's courtship of Hong Kong, 1982–1999

From 1982, when the Chinese government first signalled its intention to take back Hong Kong, to the actual transfer of sovereignty in 1997, the PRC engaged in a long-term campaign to “win friends and influence people” in the British colony. Hoping to prevent a large-scale flight of capital and manpower, and wishing to cultivate a core group of sympathetic local notables as future political leaders, Beijing issued frequent pledges of non-interference in Hong Kong's affairs and adopted classic “united front” tactics — flattering, cajoling, and otherwise wooing potential supporters while snubbing (and sometimes smearing) outspoken critics. Despite intensely negative local reaction to the 1989 “Tiananmen Massacre”, over the long haul Beijing largely succeeded in disarming public fears of a heavyhanded Chinese takeover. Consequently, the handover itself was an extremely calm, tranquil affair. And in the first 2 years of Hong Kong's new status as a “Special Administrative Region” of China, the PRC earned generally high marks for honoring its pledge to uphold the principle of “one country, two systems”.     

东亚崛起进程中的日美关系

21世纪国际关系格局的最大变动将是东方的复兴与崛起以及西方的应对与适应,东西方文明的冲突与融合相交织将谱写一首本世纪“令人心仪”的交响曲,晚了一个世纪到场的中国能否成为这个交响乐团的“领衔演奏者”之一引人关注。东亚的崛起是亚洲复兴的必经之路,其主要标志是中国的复兴与日本的自立。     

Law and psychiatry: Scandinavia in the 1980s.

The major policies and practices with regard to the civil and criminal commitment of the mentally ill in the Scandinavian countries during the 1970s and 1980s are described and discussed. Deinstitutionalization, community work, and outpatient treatment within geographically defined sectors have been introduced in all the Nordic countries. At the same time, criminally committed mental patients constitute an increasing proportion of the involuntarily hospitalized population. The special defense of insanity and tests such as McNaughtan are not used in the Scandinavian countries. The handling and disposition of severely mentally ill criminal defendants is closer to the notions of guilty but mentally ill in some U.S. jurisdictions, although in Scandinavia such persons are hospitalized and do not receive penal sentences. Even though forensic psychiatry has come under much criticism, there is still a need for psychiatric evaluations for courts and there is still a need for the provision of mental health treatment, rehabilitation, and follow-up for mentally disordered offenders.     

Dealing with debt in the 1980s

Dynamics of World Development. Political Economy of the World System Annuals, Volume 4. Edited by Richard Rubison, London: SAGE. 1981. 264pp. £6.50.

Studies of the Modern World‐System. Edited by Albert Bergesen, London: Academic Press. 1980. 277pp. np.

World System Structure: continuity and change. Edited by W Ladd Hollist and James N Rosenau, London: SAGE. 1981. 320pp. £15.50. £6.50pb.

Muslim Society. Ernest Gellner, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1981. 264pp. £18.20.

African Businessmen and Development in Zambia. Andrew A Beveridge and Anthony R Oberschall Princeton University Press. 1980. 382pp. £13.40

Population and Technology. Ester Boserup, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 1981. 255pp. £9.95.

Energy Systems and Development: constraints, demands and supply of energy for developing countries. Jyoti K Parikh, Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1980. 152pp. £7.75.

Energy for Development: an international challenge. North‐South Round Table, New York: Praeger. 1981. 257pp. np. pb.

Stitches in Time: the Commonwealth in world politics. Arnold Smith with Clyde Sanger, London: André Deutsch. 1981. 322pp. £9.95

From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: the politics of transition. Henry Wiseman and Alastair M Taylor, Oxford: Pergamon (for the International Peace Academy). 1981. 192pp. £10.00

Southern Rhodesia Elections, February, 1980 The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group on elections leading to independent Zimbabwe. Commonwealth Secretariat, London: Commonwealth Secretariat. 1980. 351pp. £6.00

Toward a Cultural Theory of Education and Schooling. Edited by Frederick Gearing and Lucinda Sangree London: Global Book Resources. 1980. 259pp. £18.12

The Law of International Trade. Mark S W Hoyle, London: Laureate Press. 1981. 414pp. £9.95

Cases and Materials on the Law of International Trade. Mark S W Hoyle, London: Laureate Press. 1980. 282pp. £12.50pb

School and Community in the Third World. M E Sinclair with Kevin Lillis, London: Croom Helm (with the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex). 1979. 188pp. £10.95

Regionalism and the New International Economic Order. Edited by Davidson Nicol, Luis Echeverria and Aurelio Pecci, Oxford: Pergamon 387pp. £22.50 £8.50pb

New Economic Order and International Development Law. Oswaldo de Rivero B. Oxford: Pergamon. 1980.141pp. £8.00

Weak States in the International System. Michael Handel, London: Frank Cass. 1981. 318pp. £15.00

Developing Countries in the International Economy. Sanjaya Lall, London: Macmillan: 1981. 263pp. £20.00

The Non‐Aligned in Havana. Documents of the Sixth Summit Conference and an Analysis of their significance for the Global Political System. Peter Willetts, London: Frances Pinter. 1981.283pp. £16.95

The Transition to Egalitarian Development. K Griffin and J James, London: Macmillan. 1981.128pp. £15.00

Can Equity be Organised?. B. Schaffer and G Lamb London: Gower (for UNESCO). 1981. 166pp. £8.75

Universal Primary Education in Nigeria: a study of Kano State. Mark Bray, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1981. 212pp. £5.50 pb

The Arab Predicament: Arab political thought and practice since 1967. Fouad Ajami, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1981. 220pp. £12.50

Moroccan Islam: tradition and society in a pilgrimage centre. Dale F Eickelman, London: University of Texas Press. 1981. (Modern Middle East Series No. 1) 303pp. £5.85 pb

Jassim: a study in the psychosocial development of a young man in Qatar. Levon H Melikian, London: Longman. 1981. 112pp. £11.95

African Socialism in Two Countries. Ahmed Mohiddin, London: Croom Helm. 1981.231pp. £12.50.

Uganda: a modern history. Jan Jelmert Jørgensen, London: Croom Helm. 1981.381pp. £13.95.

Economic and Political Development of Kenya. Edited by Priya Mutalik‐Desai, Bombay: Himalaya Publishing House. 1979. 200pp. £5.00.

The Role of Finance in the Transition to Socialism. Stephany Griffith‐Jones, London: Frances Pinter. 1981. 194pp. £12.50.

The USSR and Africa: foreign policy under Khrushchev. Dan C Heldman, New York: Praeger. 1981. pp. £20.00.

Dependent Capitalism in Crisis: the Sri Lankan economy 1948–1980. Satchi Ponnambalam, London: Zed Press. 1980. 232pp. £14.95.

The Future of Oil, A Simulation Study of the Inter‐relationships of Resources, Reserves and Use, 1980–2080. Peter R Odell and Kenneth E Rosing, London: Kegan Paul. 1980. 265pp. £20.00.

The Supply of Petroleum Reserves in South‐East Asia: Economic Implications of Evolving Property Rights Arrangements. Corazón Morales Siddayao (for the Institute of South East Asian Studies, Singapore and The East‐West Centre, USA) Kuala Lumpur Oxford University Press. 1980. 240pp. £12.50.

The Off‐Shore Petroleum Resources of South‐East Asia: Potential Conflict Situations and Related Economic Considerations. Corazón Morales Siddayao (for the Institute of South East Asian Studies, Singapore) Kuala Lumpur Oxford University Press. 1980. 205pp. £8.00.

Family, Labour and Trade in Western Kenya. Per Kongstad and Mette Monsted. 186pp.

Economic and Social Transformation in Rural Kenya. John Carlsen. 230pp.

Marketing Co‐operatives and Peasants in Kenya. Torben Bager. 116pp. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. 1980. Skv 25 each.

State, Society and Economy in Saudi Arabia. Edited by Tim Niblock, London: Croom Helm (for Centre for the Arab Gulf Studies, University of Exeter). 1982. 250pp. £14.95.

Brazil in the International System: the rise of a middle power. Edited by Wayne E Selcher, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 1981. 251pp. £18.50.

Inequality and economic development in Malaysia. Donald R Snodgrass, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. 1980. 326pp. £14.50.

Local Government in Peninsular Malaysia. M W Morris, London: Gower. 1980. 121pp. £9.50.

China's Development Experience in Comparative Perspective. Edited by Robert F Dernberger, London: Harvard University Press. 1981. 347pp. £18.00.

The Agrarian Structure of Bangladesh: an impediment to development. F Tomasson Januzzi and James T Peach Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 1981. 150pp. £13.00

Revolution and Economic Development in Cuba. Arthur MacEwan, London: Macmillan. 1981. 265pp. £20.00     

Interpretations of Eurasianism: Justifying Russia's role in East Asia

This article examines the concept of Eurasianism in relation to Russia's East Asian policy from Yeltsin to Putin. It argues that there are three main interpretations of Russia's Eurasianist identity in the foreign policy discourse regarding East Asia: Pragmatic Eurasianism, Neo-Eurasianism, and Intercivilisational Eurasianism. Each interpretation emphasises a different aspect of Eurasianism with different policy implications. However, they all share an instrumentalist nature, of being used to justify Russia's Great Power status and a greater role for it in East Asia. Moreover, it is the pragmatic and geoeconomic aspects of Russia's Eurasianist identity that are being stressed most by the Putin administration, especially on energy and transport links.     

Modelling peruvian debt rescheduling in the 1980s

International debt rescheduling has continued to be a crucial issue in the international political economy. This article develops a political-economic model to examine debt rescheduling between private banks and debtors. The model provides a means of developing bargaining games by allowing the analyst to deduce game payoffs based on actors' “individual situations” as defined by their overall capabilities, their debt-specific resources, and their coalitional stability. Based on these games, it predicts the likely bargaining outcomes in terms of the degree to which banks will make lending concessions and the degree to which debtors will agree to adjust their economies. The model is operationalized based on written sources and interviews and then applied to four periods of rescheduling between the banks and Peru from 1982 to 1990. It proves successful in predicting bargaining outcomes in these cases, and we argue that it should prove helpful in investigating other debt bargaining episodes. Vinod K. Aggarwal is associate professor of political science and affiliated professor in the Haas School of Business at the University of California at Berkeley. He is the author ofLiberal Protectionism: The International Politics of Organized Textile Trade (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press),International Debt Threat (Berkeley: Institute for International Studies), and articles on the politics of trade and finance. His forthcoming book is entitledDebt Games: Strategic Interaction in International Debt Rescheduling Maxwell A. Cameron is assistant professor at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University. He is the author ofDemocracy and Authoritarianism in Peru: Political Coalitions and Social Change (New York: St. Martin's Press, forthcoming), as well as a number of articles on Peruvian politics. He recently coeditedThe Political Economy of North American Free Trade (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993) with Ricardo Grinspun.     

Democratization in Namibia: Soft state,hard choice

Independent Namibia’s struggles to create a functioning democracy have made great strides, including a successful regional and local election process in 1992. Soft state problems such as external dependence, weak state capacity for development, and penetration of the state by particularistic class and ethnic interests threaten at independence. In Namibia’s case the economic dominance and potential for military intervention by South Africa restricted the options available to the new SWAPO government. The intimidation and sabotage in the UNSCR 435 election left the government fragmented and weakened its effectiveness in redressing past injustices. Despite adopting moderate economic and progressive social policies, the rewards from trade and investment have been minimal. The independence honeymoon and modest improvements have bought the government time, but a soft state situation limits success and has created openings for new class formations. William A. Lindeke is Associate Professor and Chair of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854. He is currently writing a book on Namibia’s independence period. His recent publications have appeared in the inaugural issue ofJournal of African Policy Studies, Africa Today andNew Solutions.     

Exploring the three varieties of East Asia's state-guided development model: Korea,Singapore, and Taiwan

In the postwar era, the East Asian state-guided development model has worked well to create successive economic miracles in the region. However, the enduring variances of the individual economies in East Asia still remain. This article explores the empirical diversities hidden behind the intra-regional commonalities. In particular, on the “growthstability-equity” spectrum, the East Asian development paradigm could be sub-divided into three categories: South Korea's “growth-obsessed” pattern (G); Singapore's “growth-with-stability” model (G-S); and Taiwan's “equity-and-stability-based growth” model (G-S-E). Largely derived from the deliberate political choice of a particular strategic path, each model of East Asia has materialized on the basis of strong developmentalist states. However, unlike the multi-goal options (G-S/G-S-E), as in Singapore and Taiwan, the mono-goal options ((G), as in Korea, could gain the chosen objective at considerable cost to the neglected dimensions. As a result, given a set of necessary political conditions, the multi-goal options are a better choice for Third World policy practitioners than are the mono-goal options.     

Organization design and effectiveness: a study of anti-crime organizations in Hong Kong

There are various methods of designing organizations to adjust to the needs of the circumstances, clients and administrators. The literature on organizations highlighted various aspects as it developed and the emphasis shifted over time. Different approaches were tried in two cases in Hong Kong where organizations were designed to deal with specific problems of corruption and organized crime. While the social approach appeared to be more sensitive to the needs of the target group, the institutional approach emerged as a more effective option. In designing organizations, it is necessary to consider the social and psychological aspects, but the nature of structure, stability of environment and regularity of procedures have a profound impact on the effectiveness.