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1.
This experiment drew upon theoretical perspectives on group and system justification to examine whether exposure to media
coverage arguing that racism was responsible for the ineffective Hurricane Katrina disaster response affected White and Black
Americans’ intergroup attitudes. Consistent with a system justification perspective, Whites exposed to video clips arguing
that the hurricane Katrina disaster response was due to racism displayed greater racial ingroup attachment and ingroup love
compared to Whites exposed to videos conveying that the government’s incompetence was to blame for the disaster response.
In contrast, Blacks displayed strong levels of ingroup attachment and ingroup love across both video conditions. This research
highlights how insights from social psychology are valuable in understanding psychological responses to social justice-related
events, such as the tragic response to hurricane Katrina.
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2.
The problem of corporate crime rates has been the subject of debate, speculation and operationalization for decades, largely
stemming from the complexity of measuring this type of crime. Examining corporate environmental crime poses challenges and creates opportunities for advancing the discussion of corporate crime rates, but criminologists
are less familiar with environmental data. In the current paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmental
data that can be used to construct the components of an environmental crime rate. We also present a corporate environmental
crime rate derived from data on violations of the Clean Water Act and describe problems with using it in real world data.
Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
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3.
Consumers have long been recognized as one of the major groups of victims of white collar and corporate crime, although many
of the activities which harm them are not widely regarded as ‘crime’. They tend to attract less publicity, and have been subject
to less academic research, particularly in comparison with major financial frauds or cases involving mass harms. Moreover,
there has been a tendency to view consumers as a relatively undifferentiated group, all of whom are likely to be victimized.
This article identifies a wide range of crimes which affect consumers and explores some of the characteristics of victims
and offenders, arguing that while all consumers are at risk, the impact of consumer crime, like other forms of crime, reflects
wider patterns of structural inequality and falls most severely on the most disadvantaged.
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4.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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5.
Mainstream criminology has traditionally focused on poverty as an isolated variable, whose effects are typically explored
by inserting a limited measure of this variable in a multivariate analysis. Peacemaking criminology, however, offers an alternative
perspective. In this paradigm, poverty is seen as a source of suffering and, to a degree, a “crime” in and of itself. Furthermore,
the suffering poverty engenders is an enveloping social experience that exposes its victims to concentrated disadvantage—or,
to use Jonathan Kozol’s (1991) term, to a range of “savage inequalities.” Thus, poverty is best understood not as an isolated
variable, but as a master status of fundamental social reality that subjects people to lives filled with suffering—suffering
that can engender criminal behavior. From a peacemaking perspective, a key avenue for preventing crime is, in the short run,
diminishing the suffering poverty causes and, in the long run, embracing social policies that reduce the prevalence of economic
suffering in contemporary society.
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6.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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7.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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8.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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9.
This response argues that the National Research Council (NRC) report, while valuable and thorough, would have benefited from
conceptualizing evaluation activities along a continuum of knowledge development, with evaluations initially verifying the
effectiveness of program concepts, before moving to evaluations of the feasibility and generalizability of anti-crime strategies
and, finally, to evaluations of the costs and benefits of implementation of new strategies.
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10.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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11.
This paper introduces the concept of “altruism born of suffering,” and provides a review and integration of relevant research
and theories from various disciplines. In contrast to the well-supported notion that prosocial behavior is rooted in positive
experiences, whereas violence and adversity often contribute to further violence and antisocial behavior, it is proposed that
suffering may actually enhance the motivation to help other disadvantaged members of society, including outgroups. A motivational
process model is presented that includes a typology of altruism born of suffering, integrates clinical and social psychological
perspectives on underlying processes, and proposes potential mediators and moderators. Relevant empirical studies are reviewed
that provide initial support for this model. A particular emphasis is placed on victims of group-based violence, and implications
for intergroup relations and social justice.
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12.
Evidence relevant to claims of self-control theory concerning the connection between social integration and crime/deviance
is offered. Using data from a survey of the population of a southwestern city that permit measurement of two types of social
integration, including socially supportive networks, we (1) investigate the association between self-control and social integration,
and (2) attempt to ascertain if social integration is associated with misbehavior independently of self-control. Results suggest
that self-control is a persistent predictor of misconduct that operates independently of social integration. Although interpersonal
social integration appears to stand alone in its association with deviance, community integration shows no relationship with
self-control or misbehavior.
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13.
No one, young or old, is immune to interpersonal violence (IPV). Female victims come from a variety of circumstances and across
all ages. However, much of the research and services have focused almost exclusively on younger women. This article compares
women 65 and older to women under 65, who utilized domestic violence (DV) services in a mid-western state over a five-year
period. Although there are many similarities in the findings, differences include that older victims were more likely to be
White, report more emotional and less physical abuse, be referred to services by a legal source, have special needs or disabilities,
and receive fewer services, less service hours and fewer contacts than younger victims utilizing DV services. Implications
for research and practice are discussed.
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14.
The National Research Council’s report on evaluating anticrime programs contains sensible suggestions for improving evaluation
research in criminal justice but neglects the important role of substantive theory in linking evaluations of anticrime initiatives
to variation in crime rates across time and place. A working knowledge of crime rates is essential for designing and evaluating
anticrime programs. This essay calls for the development of a policy evaluation infrastructure that would support the continuous
monitoring of crime rates, generate knowledge of crime-producing conditions, and link evaluation research findings to one
another and to expected policy outcomes, notably crime reduction.
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15.
This paper discusses issues related to measuring organized crime as they have become manifest in the Dutch contribution to
the EU Organised Crime Threat Assessment (OCTA). It intends to convey to a wider academic community certain issues of definition,
methodology and accountability, understanding the NTA process in terms of the communication of risks in a context of competitive
defining institutions.
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16.
A substantial body of empirical research examines how the huge expansion in incarceration in the United States since the early
1970s has influenced crime. These studies merge the effects of three conceptually distinct paths by which incarceration might
reduce crime: general deterrence, specific deterrence and incapacitation. This issue of the Journal focuses specifically on
the incapacitation path. This Introduction reviews the individual papers and offers the editors’ judgment as to the plausibility
of progress using different research strategies. It emphasizes the potential for using individual level data to take advantage
of natural experiments.
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17.
The promise of experimental criminology is finding ways to reduce harm from crime and injustice. The problem of experimental criminology is that so few experiments produce evidence of big effects from the interventions they test.
One solution to this problem may be concentrating scarce resources for experiments on the “power few:” the small percentage
of places, victims, offenders, police officers or other units in any distribution of crime or injustice which produces the
greatest amount of harm. By increasing the homogeneity and base rates of the samples enrolled in each experiment, the power
few hypothesis predicts increased statistical power to detect program effects. With greater investment of resources, and possibly
less variant responses to greater dosages of intervention—especially interventions of support, as distinct from punishment—we
may also increase our chances of finding politically acceptable interventions that will work.
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18.
Achieving a better understanding of the crime event in its spatio-temporal context is an important research area in criminology
with major implications for improving policy and developing effective crime prevention strategies. However, significant barriers
related to data and methods exist for conducting this type of research. The research requires micro-level data about individual
behavior that is difficult to obtain and methods capable of modeling the dynamic, spatio-temporal interaction of offenders,
victims, and potential guardians at the micro level. This paper presents simulation modeling as a method for addressing these
challenges. Specifically, agent-based modeling, when integrated with geographic information systems, offers the ability to
model individual behavior within a real environment. The method is demonstrated by operationalizing and testing routine activity
theory as it applies to the crime of street robbery. Model results indicate strong support for the basic premise of routine
activity theory; as time spent away from home increases, crime will increase. The strength of the method is in providing a
research platform for translating theory into models that can be discussed, shared, tested and enhanced with the goal of building
scientific knowledge.
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19.
This article explores the possibility of measuring the impact of law enforcement on organized crime in a reliable and accountable
manner, both in general terms and with a practical focus on the Canadian context. In considering measures to combat organized
crime, a focus on process measurement has obscured the more substantial question of progress as regards the dependent variable
itself: the bottom line of reducing the impact of organized criminal behaviour. While outcome measures are more challenging
to identify than process measures, this fact alone does not minimize the need to demonstrate the connection between organized
crime enforcement and its presumed outcomes to a greater degree of certainty. To date, this has not been realized to any significant
degree, as revealed by a review of existing international approaches to measuring the impact of enforcement activity. The
article argues that a multidisciplinary focus on community level indicators of crime, if initially less accessible than process
measures of impact on organized crime groups, offers promise as a measurement of absolute and relative impact of state investment
in enforcement.
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20.
A question that emerges from recent research on the relationship between economic conditions and street crimes committed for
monetary gain concerns the effect of changing economic conditions on violent crime. I propose that the economy stimulates
violent crime indirectly through its effect on acquisitive crime. This hypothesis is evaluated in fixed-effects panel models
of change in acquisitive crime and homicide rates between 1970 and 2006. The analysis indicates that collective perceptions
of economic conditions have a significant effect on an index of acquisitive crime and an indirect effect, through acquisitive
crime, on homicide. Consistent with this result, the effect of collective economic perceptions is stronger for felony than
argument-related homicides. A promising focus for future research is the role of underground markets in the production of
both property and violent crime.
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